JPRS 74399 18 October 1979 Latin America Report No. 2060 [FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets [] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a brief, indicate how the criginal information was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, viows or attitudes of the U.S. Government. PROCUREMENT OF PUBLICATIONS JPRS publications may be ordered from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. In order- ing, it is recommended that the JPRS number, title, date and author, if applicable, of publication be cited. Current JPRS publications are announced in Government Reports Annovicements issued semi-monthly by the National Technical Information Service, and are listed in the Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Publications issued by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Indexes to this report (by keyword, author, personal names, title and series) are available from Bell & Howell, Old Mansfield Road, Wooster, Ohio 44691. Correspondence pertaining to matters other than procurement may be addressed to Joint Publications Research Service, 1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201. $0272 -191 . REPORT DOCUMENTATION + REPORT NO. | 3. Recipient's Accession No SPRS 74399 | oo - TS Report Oste _18 October 1979 6 € Ite and Sobbile LATIN AMERICA REPORT, No. 2060 8. Performing Orgenizetion Rept. No -- 7. Author(s? — 10. Project/Tesk/Work Unit No | | 11. Contrect(C) or GrentiG) No | A=) 8 Pertorming Organization Neme and Address joint rublications Research Service 1000 North Glebe Road Arlington, Virginia 22201 Cc 127. Sponsoring Orgemz-tion Name end Acdress 13. Type of Reps & Period Covered As above }p—_- +p» --— ---- 4- —— 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract (! «mt 200 words) The serial report contains articles on political and sociological developments in major areas of Latin America, as reported primarily from Latin American newspapers and periodicals. It also includes information on major segments of Latin American economy, geography, culture, and ethnography. -—-- — 17. Document Analysis @ Oescriptors b identifiers /Open Ended Terms €. COSATI Fietd/Grovp 5D, 5c - SK - Political Science ___Inter-American Affairs ___Haiti Soc iology _X_ Argentina ___ Honduras Economics ___ Barbados ___ Jamaica Culture ___ Bolivia ___ Mexico Ethnology ___ Brazil ___ Netherlands Technological ___ Chile Antilles Geography ___ Colombia X_ Nicaragua ___ Costa Rica ___ Panama _x Cuba ___ Paraguay ___ Dominican Republic ___ Peru _X_ Ecuador ___ Trinidad-Tobago ___ El Salvador ___ Uruguay ___ Guatemala ___ Venezuela ___ Guyana 19. Security Cless (This Report) 21. No. of Pages *iinlimit Availability UNC F | 87 Sold by NTIS 20. Security Cless (This Poge) a ‘22. Price Springfield, Virginia 22161 UNCLASSIFIED | (See ANSI-739 18) OPTIONAL FORM 772 (4-77) (Formerty NTIS—35) Depertment of Commerce LATIN AMERICA REPORT No. 2060 CONTENTS ARGENTINA CUBA Current Political Attitudes Reviewed JPRS 74399 18 October 1979 PAGE (ULTIMA CLAVE, 11 Sep 79) eeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeee Foreign Issues Viewed by Press (Editorial; LA PRENSA, 1k, 17, 19 Sep 79) eeeeeeeseeeere Attitudes Towards the PLO The Puerto Rican Issue Soviet Troops in Caribbean Schoenfeld Writes on Soviet Troops in Cuba, Nation's Attitude (Manfred Schoenfeld; LA PRENSA, 6 Sep 79) wesecccccseces Bussi Disclaims Any Presidential Ambitions (LA PRENSA, 18 ep 79) SCHEER HEHEHE EEEE Peronist Labor Leader Calls for Elections (LA NACION, 2h Sep 79) eeeneeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Grondona Speaks on Constitutional Reforms, Political Plan (LA OPINION, 6 Sep 79) eeeeeeeeeeee ev eee eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeee PPC Leadership Remains at Variance on Political Strategy (LA NACION, ll Sep 79) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeve eee eeee 1980 Budget Proposes To Hold Down Public Expenditures (LA NACION, 16 Sep 79) eernreveeeeveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeee Internal Security: Economic Crimes, Police Growth, Prisoners (Various sources, various dates) .ccccccccccccesrceccece [III - LA - 144] 14 23 25 e7 2g 31 37 CONTENTS (Continued) Theft of Cigarettes, by Lazaro Bravo Theft of Auto Parts, Tools, by Lazaro Bravo Counterfeit Refrigerator Purchase Permit, by Lazaro Bravo Housing Swindler Penalized, by L. Bravo Deficiencies in Education, by Agnerys Sotolongo MININT Officers, Sergeants Promoted, by Agnerys Sotolongo Police Patrol Graduates, by Enrique Sanz Fals Political Prisoners Military Developments: Graduation, Maneuvers, Aviation (Various sources, various dateS) cecccccccccccccecece Largest Academy Graduation Class, by Jorge L. Blanco Military, Patriotic Education Association, by Diana M. Sosa Diaz Moncada 26 Military Maneuvers, by Mario Sarraff, Othoniel Gonzalez Angolan Armed Forces Anniversary, by Jorge L. Blanco Western Army Artillery Competition, by Juvenal Balan Medical Brigade to Nicaragua, by Marta Cabrales Graduation of Pilots, by Pedro Gutierrez San Cristobal Military Exercise, by Jose Mena Perez MININT Graduation, by Enrique Sanz Fals New Soviet TU-154B Aircraft, by Clara Mayo FAR Documentation Center, by Elsa Blanquier Medical Services in Aviation, by Gilberto Guerra ECUADOR Previsora Bank Employees Denounce Abuse of Power (EL COMERCIO, 22 Sep 79) eeeeeeeev eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ® Bucaram Scorns Misuse of Central Bank Funds (EL TIEMPO, 21 Sep 79) eeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee ene Editorial Calls for Moderation in Chamber Disputes (Editorials; EL COMERCIO, 23 Sep 79) secccccecsececess NICARAGUA Nature, Structure, Goals of CDS Explained (BARRICADA, 23 Sep 79) eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee Regulations to New Press Law Published (BARRICADA, 2h Sep 79) eeeeeeerereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee oboe Page 45 63 65 70 76 CURRENT POLITICAL ATTITUDES REVIEWED Buenos Aires ULTIMA CLAVE in Spanish 11 Sep 79 pp 446-2 - 446-6 [Text] Political Life As things are now going, or at least according to announcements or appearances, in 1960 (the 100th anniversary of a generation whose common denominator was political activity and which gave the country stable governments until 1930) people will be talking about politics as they now talk about soccer. This does not mean that they will be talking about elections, and perhaps the political parties, suffering from excessive hibernation possibly, will not be in full operation. But, we repeat, there will be a lot of talk about politics. And an indication that this might well happen is the meeting between the former governor of Jujuy, Horacic Guzman, the head of WUFEPO / Popular Federalist Force / and President Videla. It is taken up elsewhere in this issue, Two or three remarks have to be made in assessing this development. First, the conversation lasted an hour; second, this is the first political figure that President Videla has called in as such and for political matters (not to offer him an embassadorship, for example, as happened with other leaders). This gave wings to the assumption or hypothesis that despite its heterogeneity, or because of it, FUFEPO was hastening the essential agreements to appear on the scene at the opportune moment as a force with qualifications to carry weight in the immediate political future. But this in no way should lead us to believe that by calling in Dr Gugman, President Videla has given him what is generally called backing. This is not the case, although we could legitimately acknowledge that from now on FUFEPO will cultivate a proximity that will have to be requited in order for it to make sense, Another development no less talked about than the preceding one is the Buenos Aires ministerial crisis, which is the subject of a more thorough analysis later on. Until the time of the disagreement, the Saint Jean-Smart tandem had operated (everything so indicated) as one, assailing politics, political parties and political leaders with identical vigor, incidentally. In this context, we will recall, former Minister Smart “went too far” more than once, and although the ~overnor keot up with him, his prose and his pace, his tone in short, were different. This is an interesting observation, because the "political issue" obviousiy seams to be intertwined with the crisis, with a governor in the process of ceasing to be a “hard-liner' and with a minister striving to continue as one, More flexible or perhaps better informed, Governor Saint Jean seems to have had a keen enough sense to place himself in the wake of situations that will be seen more clearly towards the end of the year with the political proposal. Lastly, we cainot rule out that the mere, but fundamental, replacement of several military intendants with civilians, some of whom have well-known, albeit not notorious, political affiliations, has been one of the ingredients in the crisis, which some regard as over and othe.s in full ferment. But Governor Saint Jean has apparently made his move with a precise knowledge of the situation and the direction in which the winds are blowing. While the Inter-American Euman Rights Commission continues its work; the radicals talk of their anti-terrorist past; Minister Martinez de Hoz talks about Argentina in the year 2000 and Admiral Lambruschini about Argentina in August 1979; the FUFEPO people threaten to burst at the seams with swelling pride over the meeting with the president; public opinion witnesses the launching of "a new Saint Jean"; the government loses sympathy among traditional liberals because of the dogmatic } obstinacy of its education minister, and many Argentines begin to share | a deep-seated concern in noting that two military commanders regard as indis- : putable the legality of certain goods inherited by Peron's widow, among the ranks of the army the process continues its normal pace towards the year end appointment of its new commander in chief and the resulting retirement of its current head, Lieutenant General Viola, whose future designation es president of the republic, perhaps in the last third f 1980, is falling deeply into the realm of conjecture. In issue 444 we set forth the alternatives surrounding the appointment of the new commander in chief of the army. It is one of those issues that cannot be examined without taking into account everything surrounding it. Hence, over the next 60 days it will be increasingly commented on hy all, by both protagonists and observers, as a yardstick of the courses of conduct taking shape and of the possibilities opending up. Now, Civilians The crisis precipitated in the Buenos Aires provincial government (with the help of the governor's political acrobatics) demands a precise delineation of the framework in which it has unfolded. We must set forth the background data that make up the politieal and administrative framework that while circumscribing it, shapes it as a model for potenticl alternatives in other provinces. The following is a brief chronological background to the crisis: 1) Dr Smart enters the provincial government at a time when it is one of the poles that most unequivocally supports an apolitical, non- pertisan policy favoring the extension of the emergency measures of the first phase of the process; 2) Under this ajproach, the prevince introduces in-depth administrative and structural changes in state operations, but without altering its substance, and with an initial emphasis on a concentration of power and administrative decision-making. 3) This approach is developed to its maximum extent under these measures with the planning of the Greater Buenos Aires green belt (the ecological belt) and with the programming of various public works (drinking water projects, sanitation projects, etc) within the decision-making sphere of the provincial government. 4) The two trends run parallel, accoupanied by specific statements by Dr Smart about political parties that indicate that they will soon be excluded from decision-making. 5) Almost simultaneously with the start of this last stage (point 3), with or without the assent of Dr Smart, the provincial government decides to begin a process of markedly decentralizing power in order to “revitalize municipal life." 6) This decentralization is accompanied by General Saint Jean's decision to create the “civilian advisory organizations for the municipalities,” to which he confers the worthy task of establishing “dynamic links between the government and the people" (speech to intendants meeting in Pergamino in early August). The initiative is described as a method of carrying out part of the instructions that came out of the governors’ meeting last May. 7) Purther developing this approach, General Saint Jean repeatedly amnounces his decision to bolster his initiative through the widespread establishment of civilian govermments in those districts in which commanders and officers of the Armed Forces are still performing dvties. 8) In late August, General Saint Jean expresses his desire to implement this political decision, which is strongly objected to by Dr Smart, who also has reservations about the decision to carry out a process of marked decentralization. To summarize these eight stages, we could say that developments have taken place on two decision-making levels in triggering the Buenos Aires crisis: a) the decision to decentralize power in order to bolster municipal life; bh) the decision to begin a new chapter in this process, civilian participation in govermment. Moreover, decentralization, the path followed in strictly political matters, reduces the scope of power of the government ministry (Smart) by transferring provincial responsibilities to the strictly municipal level and by rechanneling provincial central government decisions into numerous inter-* at the very time when the ambiguous summit conference of those who boast of “not belonging to any bloc™ is taking place in that country's capital. This is the basis for the danger from those 3,000-5,000 troops thit have been detected now, as in 1962, in the case of the launching pads involved in the "Cuban missile crisis;" and for the fact that, for some time, both the mis- siles and the nuclear weaponry itself have been going to what we might term "the military arsenal” of the superpowers, in other words, the deterrent ar- senal, the weaponry that has taken the plece of scarecrows or coconut trees. On approximately equal terms (achieved through the SALT 2 agreement), the Soviets are well enough protected to be able to engage in anothe: method of warfare, and a new way of carrying out their offensive expansion: that of the revolutionary and subversive guerillas, with training, equipment and funds from Moscow, and with a “distribution center,” so to speak, and an instruction and intelligence center, in a place as strategically vital as Cuba. It is no longer a matter of missiles pointed at Florida, but rather of in- surgent forces which are prepared for any country, near or far: the nearby 21 ones (those in the Caribbean, or Central and South America) may be reached by sea; and, for the distant ones, in Africa, for example, there are the powerful Antonov transport planes. Based on the experience that has been gained over the past 15 years, approximately, far more can be accomplished with a few thousand good instructors teacing the use of advanced weapons to the “popular guerrillas" (whom nothing and no one can “deter"), than by the installation of weapons of a “deterrent” type in a vanguard geographical lo- cation. The Argentine Activity The extent to which the international situation in this regard has changed as well is proven by the alteration in the Argentine position from 1962 to the present. During the “Cuban missile crisis," we ranked among the first countries on the continent to lend President Kennedy immediate material backing (in addition to significant moral support), sending two of our navy's ships, the destroyers "Rosales" and "Espora," to the area of the conflict that was feared, so as to join in the blockade. Perhaps that was nothing more than a gesture (the ships flying our flag would not have been able to deter the advance of the Soviets, if the latter had continued on to Cuba); but this gesture, in which Argentine lives were at stake, represented a great boost for Kennedy, and established an unequivocal international stance for our country. At the present time, we are sitting down side by side with the Marxists of various stripes who are enjoying Fidel Castro's hospitaltiy at the "non- alined" conference; because it is thought that, in this way, we may perhaps gain sympathy in the United Nations on the issue of the Falkland Islands, or whatever (as if the issue of the archipelago could be resolved in that in- operative international forum); or we are receiving a Soviet military mis- sion, because it is thought that we may thereby possibly neutralize the rap- prochement between Santiago de Chile and Peking, something which is a no less dangerous naivete (because, contrary to the situation between Chile and China, which share the basic characteristic in this regard of being countries bor- dering the Pacific, Argentina would be opening for the Soviets the door so greatly desired affording access to the South Atlantic, even if only a ti- ny crack, for they need nothing more to start something). But, as we have indicated, the times are not the same since the great "Cuban missile crisis" to the current "crisis of Soviet troops," which some have described as being of lesser importance. In our opinion, they are mistaken. 2909 cso: 3010 22 ARGENTINA BUSSI DISCLAIMS ANY PRESIDENTIAL AMBITIONS Buenos Aires LA PRENSA in Spanish 18 Sep 79 p 6 [Text] Neuquen (NA)--The head of the National Gendarmery, Div Gen Antonio Bussi, emphatically rejected the speculation concerning his chances of be- coming president of the republic in 1984, "I cannot give you an answer to something that does not make sense," he re- plied to the reporter who had made the inquiry of hin. Bussi held a brief dialog with newsmen in this city, where he came to inspect the Gendarmery's 30th squadron, of Cros Malal, and the 3lst, of Las Lajas. When asked about the possibilit, of becoming president in 1984, inasmuch as he is "really considered a member of the reserve," the high-ranking military commander stated: "I cannot give you an answer to something that does not make sense." He explained: "I am in the reserve, as 25 million Argentines are." His Concern He said: “Besides, my only concern and my daily activity are confined exclu- sively to the area of my specific jurisdiction, which is in the National Gendarmery at present; and I have no concern other than the happiness and development of men, women and children." He stressed the fact that, "Every- thing else is one of the many things that are said without judgemnt, without reason and without a sense of the occasion or of timing." On this subject, the commander-in-chief of the army, Lt Gen Roberto Viola, declared that the only decision made was that the next president, who will take office in 1981, will be a retired commander of one of the three branches of the armed forces. The President After 1984 Furthermore, he denied that the Military Junta is currently considering a decision concerning the appointment of a military president after 1984, the year in which the term of the one who takes office in 1981 will end. 23 It was the chief of the army's general staff, Div Gen Guillermo Suarez Mason, who had said that, after 1981, there would be two more military presidents within the framework of the national reorganization process. Finally, Bussi declined to express an opinion regarding the presence of the International Human Rights Commission in the country. He declared: “The government has expressed itself on the subject in a clear- cut, categorical fashion, and I think that to add anything would, at the most, cause confusion and would not clarify anything." 2909 cso: 3010 2h, ARGENTINA PERONIST LABOR LEADER CALLS FOR ELECTIONS Buenos Aires LA NACION in Spanish 24 Sep 79 p 14 [Text] Salta--The former Peronist legislator, Rodolfo Tecera del Franco (af- filiated with the Justicialist internal movement directed by Raul Matera) urged his fellow party members to understand that "Peron is dead and, there- fore, nothing will be the same as it was before;" and he expressed the view that the leadership groups in his party should be "purged." Tecera del Franco voiced these opinions in statements published today by the local morning paper, EL TRIBUNO, in which he also called for an electoral solution, claiming that, "to talk about waiting for years means dooming the country to continue being bound to an atmosphere of heated social tension." With regard to the party's internal arrangement, in his opinion, "It would have been as absurd to imagine a Peronism without Peron, while he was living, as it is now to think that the party can be run with the same procedures." He added: “Peronism must be associated with the past but, at the same time, it must be different. The members of the leadership must be purged; the lead- ership cadres must seek generational reinforcements and the entire movement must agree to a loftier political cultivation." He recalled: “We were the first to become aware of the complete crisis in the liberal capitalist and the Marxist socialist systems." He went on to say: "We have discovered the incidence of both in our country, and we counter them with one alternative: the national, humanist and Justicialist revolution," which, in his opinion, is “unfinished, but will inevitably be completed by our generation or by those which follow." He then advocated "an understanding between the popular and national forces and the armed forces," a convergence which will give rise to "a strong, ca- pable, political authority with the necessary daring to undertake the enter- prise" of promoting a change. He voiced his conviction that it is necessary “to change the economic system and not the people;" and, in conclusion, he gave a reminder that, in 1963, 25 when the government opposed the formula of the Popular Union, Lima-Begnis, the national adviser, ordered the lists to be withdrawn. He said: “Despite the fact that I had won the elections in the metropolitan area, I resigned, because I was one of those who had decided on the withdrawal of the lists." He concluded by stating: "Nevertheless, many Peronist deputies-elect became incorporated. One of those who disobeyed the order was Deolindo Felipe Bit- tel, the governor of Chaco. He is now head of the party." 2909 CSO: 3010 26 GRONDONA SPEAKS ON CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, POLITICAL PLAN Buenos Aires LA OPINION in Spanish 6 Sep 79 p 8 [Text] Yesterday, at the conclusion of the series of discussions entitled “Preamble to 1980, Analysis of the Argentine Reality," sponsored by the Institute for Development of Modern Enterprise (IDEM), Drs Mariano Grondona, Miguel Angel Iribarne and Jaime Perriaux expressed various opinions on the subject of “institutions.” The series in question took place in a downtown hotel and, on this occasion, the director and coordinator of the program, Dr Julio Alvarez, underscored the speakers’ earnest effort to “descry Argentina's opportunities during the next decades, and the realities that it must confront in order to be able to achieve then." Mariano Grondona maintained that, on 24 March 1976, a new constitution came into being wherein the 1853 Constitution is implicit, inasmuch as it serves as a supplementary legal systen. He went on to say: "This new constitutional system is not only not at odds with the Constitution of 1853, but has also become the modern means of de- fending it in an environment different from the one in which it was promul- gated; because the chapter on declarations of rights and guarantees has been included in the one that is in effect at present. What has been changed are the government mechanisms for defending it." After stating that the constitution has undergone reforms and changes, he declared: "The next great law will be the political plan which was announced for the end of this year by the armed forces." For his part, Dr Miguel Angel Iribarne, author of the book entitled "The Res- cue of the Republic,” analyzed the "separation which exists between the is- sues and language of our political leaders;" because, when the latter speak (he said), “The interests and viewpoints that they convey are often only those of the individuals who are regularly concerned with politics, those of their sharpshooting networks." He then explained: “This inoperativeness on the part of the political leaders stems from the areas in which they were recruited and trained: a university degraded by demagogy, the committee and the trade union, which have accus- tomed them to a rhetorical and demanding attitude, and not to concrete han- dling of the public interests." In this connection, he gave a reminder that previous military experience “has been thwarted because, on occasion, the military leadership has held dialog with the preexisting party heads as if they were the sole spokesmen." Subsequently, Dr Jaime Perriaux, former minister of justice of the nation, cited the -»nerations of leaders in our country, observing that they come at intervals of 15 years, and that a distinction must be made between the birthdates of their members and the years wherein the various periods of growth occur, until they reach the stage ranging from 45 to 60 years of age, which is when a generation exercises its leadership in the various sectors of society. He continued by saying that the generation which will start to predominate is the one of those born between 1933 and 1947. In conclusion, he referred to the generation which is currently between 17 and 31 years old, whose members will be in full joint ownership when that impressive and alluring date of the second centenary, 2010, a time when they will be between 47 and 61 years of age, arrives. 2909 cso: 3010 28 PPC LEADERSHIP REMAINS AT VARIANCE ON POLITICAL STRATEGY Buenos Aires LA NACION in Spanish 11 Sep 79 p 12 [Text] The internal status of the Popular Christian Party [PPC] has been ex- pounded on the basis of three events which took place this week: the meeting called by the group's president, Dr Enrique de Vedia, to determine the poli- tical line and the internal dissent; the decision made on that occasion to request that the National Junta convoke the supreme party entity, namely, the national convention; and a document published by the current opposition to Vedia, directed by Dr Jose Antonio Allende, wherein the different strate- gies regarding the party's leadership are set fort’. The meeting called by Vedia was informal, and the opposition did not attend it. Nevertheless, there was general agreement on upholding the political position advised by Vedia and criticized by Allende. The fact of having then transferred the discussion of strategy and the internal situation to the national convention would mean a delay in dealing with these matters; because convening that entity requires that the leaders from the interior part of the country travel to Buenos Aires. Authority of the Junta As may be recalled, Allende's sector has on several occasions asked for the convocation of the other party entity, the National Junta, to come out in favor of Vedia's strategy or that of his opponents who are calling for civilian-military convergence. Now, Vedia will have to convoke the party junta so that it, in turn, may ar- range the meeting of the national convention. According to the account given by this same source, the followers of Allende may take advantage of this occasion to discuss within the junta the problem which Vedia wants to submit to the party's convention members. But the latter maintains that the junta does not have sufficient authority; while the Allende backers claim that, owing ‘to the operational difficulties entailed in holding the convention, its auchority was conferred upon the National Junta some time ago. 29 As for the document which was published by the Allende sector (national move- ment), it stresses the urgent need to prepare a plan for institutional nor- malization “that cannot and must not be minimized by the municipalist pro- posals which have meager practical results;" and it cites the need for en- larging the margins for convergence during an intermediate phase. After claiming that the final phase of institutionalization must be, simulta- neously, an expression of reconciliation and the people's free will, the do- cument of the Popular Christian Party's national movement calls for a “humane and vital" economic policy, the development of which requires normalization of the trade union and business owning sectors. 2909 cso: 3010 1980 BUDGET PROPOSES TO HOLD DOWN PUBLIC EXPENDITURES Buenos Aires LA NACION in Spanish 16 Sep 79 Sec 3-a pp 2-3 [Text] With the initiation of the preparatory work on the national budget for fiscal year 1980, a difficult task began, which was put to the test a few days ago, and which will undoubtedly have to continue for the remainder of the year. The test consisted of the submission of the programs on expendi- tures of the various areas of the public sector, with substantial increases (over 50 percent in some instances) in terms of constant currency, with res- pect to the disbursements for this fiscal year of 1979, despite the precise instructions agreed upon within the national cabinet to cut public spending as much as possible. The proposals were resolutely rejected by the Secreta- riat of Finance, and now a more exact requirement has been established: Each area must reduce its spending programs by a minimum of 10 percent, in real terms. In fact, both the Presidency of the Nation and the Ministry of Economy have proven determined to impose a definite limit on the spending of the public sector. They are aware that, if this is done, they will be responding to a veritable outcry from increasingly larger economic sectors; that 1980's will be the last budget to be calculated and executed by this government and this economic team; that the next government will have great difficulty in dealing with a sizable revision of the state's dimensions; and also that, during the new fiscal year, it will be necessary to face a particular resistance, because the officials responsible for the various areas generating public spending also realize that this is their last fiscal year, and they want to lend their own administration the greatest brilliance. Among the economic team, these circumstances have mobilized a trend of opin- ion which aspires to launch a head-on attack in 1980 on the excesses in the state's structure. Inasmuch as, in the 1978 budget, a lisi of nationalized firms which were to be returned to private hands was included (a proposal which, after some delay, is about to be implemented in 1979), it would be fitting now to prepare a certainly longer list of public agencies which have no further reason to exist in an economy that ‘is attempting to intensify the role of private enterprise and to reduce the state's participation, which has been estimated as exceeding the equivalent of 41 percent of the gross national product. To be sure, the resistance has been remarkably strong. 31 Anything that is done in this direction, with a long-term view, will merit praise, and will prove that the government is consistent with the rundamen- tal principle of the state's subsidiary status. However, its effects on the financial and monetary program for the new fiscal year will be reduced if there is not a substantial curtailing of the public sector's investments, which would allow for a real cut in the disbursements throughout 1980, and, as a result, would hasten the absorption of funds (whether by way of taxes or through credit) by the treasury. In this regard, the president of the Central Bank, upon his return from Basel, where he attended the 418th meeting of the governors of central banks convok- ed by the International Bank of Adjustments (this is the first time that Ar- gentina has attended and spoken at this forum), told the members of the eco- nomic team about the surprise of the head of the German delegation, Otto Enm- minger, at the low percentage of the deficit in the Argentine public sector (4 percent of the GNP in 1979); because, in his country, the percentage is considerably larger. The conclusion is that the German economy, which is far more monetized, since there the monetary funds must be relatively equi- valent to 60 percent of the GNP, allows for financing of public spending amounting to about 6 percent of the product, as something normal. In our country, on the other hand, the monetary funds do not exceed 20 percent of the GNP, despite the obvious upward trend during the past 3 years; so that, in order to finance the fiscal deficit, it is necessary to direct approxi- mately a fifth of the monetary funds to the public sector. It is a well- known fact that there have been bids on treasury bills equivalent to over $1 billion in recent months. The intention of settling the state's accounts during the new fiscal year of 1980 includes the idea of minimizing the use :f temporary advance payments. Although, this year, they have almost always been liquidated within each monthly cycle, the size of the funds involved caueed considerable displace- ments of money which often destabilized the financial system. It is also hoped to make the selling of bills and other public securities an instrument for monetary regulation, and not merely a mechanism with which to supply funds to the treasury. For a purpose that is more related to order than to finances, the plans for 1980 include the extension of the tax on added value. The financial results of this extension should be minimal, if one considers the fact that, in the opinion of the economic team, the tax pressure should not exceed the current limits; in other words, about 22 percent of the gioss national product. From an overall standpoint, the added valve tax wi!l perhaps provide revenue amounting to 40 percent more chan at present, partly because of the exten- sion of the base of taxpayers, and partly because of the better chances of combating evasion. The IVA [added value tax] represents approximately a third of the treasury's tax funds; hence, the expansion would mean an in- crease of about 12 percent in its tax revenue. The difference, in the tax pressure as a whole, will be offset by the elimination of 43 smaller levies, most of which are aimed at funds earmarked for certain purposes. 32 The purpose of this measure related to order is obvious, because it will eliminate autonomous sources of expenditure governed not by the criteria of priority adopted for the entire public sector in general, but rather by the availability of funds which at times are disproportionate, by the ca- pacity for liquidation of those who control those funds (they often exceed the liquidation capacity of the pertinent agency, and are devalued in cur- rent account, or they attempt to avoid that devaluation by circulating through the financial market), and even by the ability to achieve an ex- pansion in those funds, even when they are not really necessary. The same thing will happen in the case of the taxes levied on imported pro- ducts, which will be added to the tariff, without changing the actual tariff and hence not the cost of importing either. The original inte: tion of putting these changes into effect during the final months of this fiscal year now appears to have been somewhat delayed. The Increase in Foreign Exchange Reserves Is Easier Thus far this year, the Central Bank has incorporated into its international reserves about $35 million; they are more or less equivalent to 10,000 on the exchange market, and the price of the dollar is maintained through them in accordance with the program planned until the end of the year, the ex- tension of which to the first quarter of 1980 is anticipated next month. That 35 million (in other words, a monthly rate of about $70 million) is equivalent to approximatley half of the revenue for last month, and perhaps a quarter of the average revenue for the second quarter, when the reserves increased at a remarkable rate. The increase is due mainly to the foreign trade surplus: During the first 7 months of the year, the receipts from exports (an item which does not ne- cessarily coincide with the value of the goods shipped) totaled $6.15 bil- lion, no less, a figure which, if maintained throughout the year, would re- sult in over $10 billion; and which, in any event, avi still taking into account the seasonal decline in exports during the third quarter, could bring us close to $9 billion. The amounts for the first 7 months represent a 31 percent increase over the level during the same period in 1979. Imports (or, rather, the payments abroad for imports) alse show a substantial gain of about 44 percent, since they increased from $2.4 biiliop to $3.47 billion during the first 7 months of this year. The cumulative surplus for that period is, therefore, nearly $2.7 billion. Insofar as imports are concerned, we have been noting a sharp increase in those of capital goods which, according to the estimates of an official source, are exceeding $100 million per month. The upward trend occurred toward the middle of the year in particular, because of the effect of the tax exemption ordered for the entry of equipment and machinery; and it will 33 apparently tend to accelerate as we approach the end of the period, at the beginning of next year. The imports of capital goods do not have a great effect on the balance of paysents over the short term, because they are generally made with loans which, on the average, should be for somewhat under 5 years. The Guarantee for Deposits Last Thursday, the board of directors of the Central Bank discussed the mat- ter of guaranteed deposits in the institutionalized financial system, for the purpose of completing the regulations of the recent law which is due to go into effect in mid-November, that is, in 60 days, and which will apply to all transactions concluded thereafter. Noteworthy progress was made at the meeting, which warrants the prediction that the regulations may be made public this very week; but the prolongation of the matternecessitated a fourth interval, lasting until tomorrow. The main problem to be solved(the rules are essentially those with which a read- er of LA NACION would already be familiar) is said to be the status of the balances in the clearing houses; because the change in the system of guaran- tees will virtually coincide with the transfer of bank clearing to private hands. The Central Bank has already notified the entities which use it that it will s-op rendering this service as of 31 October, as a peripheral means of private control. Therefore, the bank coordinating committee is hastening the search for solu- tions, not only for the problems posed by making the clearing private, but also for the presence of unguaranteed deposits in the clearing houses for periods of from 24 to 2 hours. The Minimal Capital We have already stated previously that, on the financial market, as much or more importance is attached to the matter of the requirements for minimal workable capital than to that of guarantees. The financial companies have been the entities most active in analyzing this matter (and also the ones most affected by the rise in demandable capital); and they have, on more than one occasion, demanded that it be computed as a part of the capital liability for the net profits which the entities have been generating each month during their activity. The fact that such funds are not allowed to be included in the computation of the capital is a situation lecking in equity: Whereas the capital demand is indexed, doing the same with the entities’ working capital is precluded, because the incorporation of those profits, in the current context, does not mean plowing back profits, but rather the maintenance of the value of the capital, in accordance with a theory which is shared completely by the mone- tary authorities in many other respects. The situation may perhaps become quite obvious if one considers a financing entity which would only grant in- dexed loans: In each repayment it would not be accruing profits, but merely recovering its updated capital. To avoid what would represent considerable damage, certain entities have found the beginnings of a solution: to bring the date of the closing of their balances closer to the date on which the Central Bank requires the updating of the minimal capital; in other words, 1 January. So, if an entity has changed the date of the meeting, it can plow back the profits from the fiscal year before the end of the year, and then include them in the compu- tation of the capital liability. Some entities have already changed the date of the closing of their fiscal years for this purpose, which only goes to show the merely ostensible nature of the obstacle to incorporating the general profits during the fiscal year into the capital. Petroleum and Petrochemicals With regard to reductions in public investment, the president of Government Oil Deposits [YPF] made mention of a point which is often obviously disre- garded: Wot all investments can be reduced or eliminated; and there are some which it would be unpardonable to curtail. In the case of YPF, for example, to stop investing in drilling would mean giving up oil which could be extracted at a cost of between $30 and $60 per cubic meter, and having to import oil costing over $160. The head of the company confirmed his confidence in achieving self-sufficiency in oil by 1982. The fact that, even then, it will still be necessary to im- port certain types of oil or certain byproducts is not important (and, be- sides, it appears to be inevitable); because those imports will be offset by exports of other types of oil or other byproducts. The essential thing is that the country be protected from the severe fluctuations which have occurred in recent years in the prices and the supply of hydrocarbons, quite often subject to pressure and to factors of a preeminently political nature. The country should gain that same security and that same peace of mind with respect to all petroleum byproducts. Self-sufficiency in oi) is only a de- sirable goal insofar as it represents self-sufficiency in all its byproducts. And it comes as no surprise that petrochemical byproducts are becoming in- creasingly important in mdern economies. The price list that the president of YPF gave, and the feasibility of making the country free from an extreme- ly risky market, indicate that petrochemicals are one of the sectors in which our ccuntry could have comparative advantages, even without being a preemisentiv oil-producing country. To be sure, this idea should not lead to the development of a petrochemical industry at any cost, but it should accelerate the development programs; be- cause our country has already been subjected to a long delay in this area, the most obvious example of which is unquestionably that relating to Bahia 5 Blanca Petrochemicals and the entire complex in which it is included. But that is not the only one. For over a year, the Secretariat of Industrial Development has been analyzing plans for the construction of a polypropy- lene factory, and it is clear that the proponents of it are demanding a decision. 2909 CSO: 3010 36 INTERNAL SECURITY: ECONOMIC CRIMES, POLICE GROWTH, PRISONERS Theft of Cigarettes Havana TRABAJADORES in Spanish 14 Jul 79 p 3 [Article by Lazaro Bravo] (Text] The Penal Chamber of the People’s Court upheld the 15-year prison sentence for Santiago Acosta Romero and Sergio Terry Goire pronounced by the Third Criminal Chamber of the Oriente Provincial People's Court for armed robbery. Santiago Acosta Romero and Sergio Terry Goire, who have previous criminal records and no revolutionary commitment, approached the terminal of the Cuban Railroad Company at Jesus del Sol and Jose Antonio Saco streets in Guantanamo and went directly to Car No 16072-2. Once there the above-named criminals broke the seal of the car and made off with 9,160 packages of Populares cigarettes, with a market price of 14,675.60 pesos, which they took home after dividing then evenly between then. Theft of Auto Parts, Tools Havana TRABAJADORES in Spanish 17 Jul 79 p 3 [Article by Lazaro Bravo] [Text] The Criminal Chamber of the former People's Regional Court of Mayabeque sentenced Rafael Linares Hernandez to 18 months in prison for stealing. On various occasions in August and September 1977, the accused, Rafael Linares Hernandez, taking advantage of his exployment in the automobile clutch shop in the village of Palos, stole tools and auto parts manufac- tured there, all of which belonged to the Cuban Government, in the amount of 658.35 pesos. The suspect took the above-named goods little by little to his home, which is located a short distance from his work. * 37 In the search conducted by the police, an electric drill, a bench lathe, and an electric motor, among other objects, all belonging to the shop, were seized. With these implements he repaired clutches of private cars without a license. The Supreme People’s Tribunal, in Sentence No 2338-79, declared that the charge of multiple theft was correct and rejected the appeal presented by Rafael Linares Hernandez. Counterfeit Refrigerator Purchase Permit Havana TRABAJADORES in Spanish 19 Jul 79 p 3 [Article by Lazaro Bravo] {[Text] The first criminal chamber of the former people's Regional Court of Central Havana sentenced Lazaro Janet Fuentes to 6 months and a day for forgery of a personal document. Some time before 27 April 1976 a person to date unidentified concocted a permit similar to those issued by the CTC [Central Organization of Cuban Trade Unions] as a merit award for the acquisition of a refrigerator. Thus, the permit in question was made out to Lazaro Janet Fuentes, adult, with unit number 241-03-06 of the old Plaza de la Revolucion regional committe. In verifying the number it was found that the code number belongs to the unit in the Sacre Light Industry factory, located at Amargura 10, corner of Pepe Antonio Street, in Guanabacoa, but it was also learned that Janet Fuentes never worked there, despite the fact that the logo of the firm and another, illegible mark appeared on the permit. Previous to this the accused appeared at the La Victoria store in this city and, aware that he was presenting a forged document, purchased for his own use an Antillana refrigerator for the sum of 650 pesos, thus circumventing the legally established method of purchasing such electric household appli- ances. The court described the facts, which it declared were proved, as constituting forgery of a personal document. The Supreme People's Court, in Sentence No 2634 of 1978, rejected the accused's appeal. Housing Swindler Penalized Havana TRABAJADORES in Spanish 24 Jul 79 p 3 [Article by L. Bravo] [Text] The Criminal Chamber of the Villa Clara People's Court sentenced Luis Pastor Portieles Mollinedo to one year in prison for swindling. 38 The accused appeared at the home of farmworker Emilio Castellon Orozco in July 1977, a man with little education, and he made the proposition that if he gave up his land to the state and 900 pesos, he would give him a room in his home. After thinking it over Castelon Orozco decided to accept the offer, and he gave Portieles Mollinedo 900 pesos as a down payment. As time passed and he was not given the room or his money back, which he had demanded more than once, the farmworker filed charges. The Provincial People's Court described the proven facts as constituting a swindle and levied the above-mentioned sentence, together with related penalties and the corresponding civil liability. The accused appealed to the Supreme People's Court, which rejected it, in Sentence No 2962 of 1978. Deficiencies in Education Pinar del Rio GUERRILLERO in Spanish 24 Jul 79 p 4 {Article by Agnerys Sotolongo] [Text] "In the coming year the relentless struggle to insure compliance with the Revolution’s standards in the educational field, through methodological instruction, resolutions, and norms, will be continued, as will the struggle against softness, favoritism,and the deficiencies apparent in the schools." These were the words of Leonel Valdes Alonso, member of the Executive Bureau of the Party in the province in a speech closing the meeting of the symposium analyzing the work of the Education Workers Union for the school year 1978-79, which was held recently at the Consolacion del Sur municipal building. The leader declared that “now is the time to put an end to irresponsibility and other deficiencies in the schools." He said also that “there are schools that are practically impossible to enter at the end of the year because of the condition in which they have been left after the close of the academic year. He stressed that nobody can afford to squander the efforts of the people, no one can afford to squander the efforts of the Revolution in building and furnishing the schools. Academic Progress Will Be Required From the Beginning Valdes Alonso said that in the coming school year academic progress will be required from the first testing and thus the course must be organized from the beginning, and measures taken from the start, so that no one can later blame the results of the first tests on the organization week, the late starting up of activities, and other justifications without foundation. “1¢ we want to achieve better results," he said, “we have to improve the leadership mechanisms and take ever greater advantage of the organization, discipline, and resources which the Revolution has placed in our hands. This would be the categorical response to the suggestions of the Commander in Chief, Fidel Castro, in which he called for all to make the requirement an order to be fulfilled." In referring to competition he termed it necessary to improve the checking and activities connected with it, as well as reviewing and perfecting the methods applied to selection, which occasionally do not function with enthusiasm and organization. "We have to get competition started in each school,” he said, "and for this we must have the principle of example: the most enthusiastic one should be the secretary general of the union unit; the most enthusiastic one should be the school principal." He said, "If we want enthusiasm, let us foster it; if we want organization, let us take the measures that lead to it; if we want discipline, let us work to achieve it.” MININT Officers, Sergeants Promoted Pinar del Rio GUERRILLERO in Spanish 29 Jul 79 p 7 {Article by Agnerys Sotolongo] (Text] The ceremony marking the promotion of officers, warrant officers, and sergeants of the Ministry of Interior took place on the parade grounds of the Army Corps of Pinar del Rio, and a large group of members of that armed institution who had distinguished themselves in the performance of their duties and missions received their respective promotions. The MININT promotion-order was read by Maj Angel Trnjillo, chief of cadres of the organization, which takes in matters related to the granting of military ranks. This makes possible proper ranking of the cadres and is an example of recognizing the results obtained in executing assigned activities. Maj Jose Olivera Perez read a message on behalf of the high command of the MININT which stated that “it is right to promote those who, in one way or another, have distinguished themselves in the struggle against the enemy and on other fronts and who at the same time make the building of socialism and communism in our land possible.” The document also said that "in the framework of the 20th anniversary of the victory of the Revolution and the establishment of the organs of state security, let us swear to be faithful to the principles of Marxism-Leninisn, to raise the efficiency of our efforts, and to comply with the guidelines of the Revolution and its highest leader, Comrade Fidel Castro. The concluding remarks were made by Lt Col Manuel Puentes Alea, chief of the MININT Political Section, who said that "the principal mission of the Ministry of Interior is to protect the triumphs of the working class, and 40 therefore it is necessary to constantly raise efficiency in protecting and maintaining security and internal order." In regard to the proposals made by the Eighth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party, by Fidel Castro at the National People's Government Assembly, and later by the Resolution of the Political Bureau to its base organizations, Puentes Alea pointed out that “it is necessary to redouble efforts and organize work better; this, together with the better use of the working day and demanding better performance, will raise the level of efficiency of this force." Original members of the National Revolutionary Police and those who have served over 15 years were also decorated. Also present were Col Jose Sosa Diaz, provincial chief of the MININT; Roberto Hernandez Mosegui, member of the Executive Bureau of the PCC [Cuban Communist Party]; and Emilio Pimienta, vice president of the Provincial People' s Government Assembly, among other provincial leaders. Police Patrol Graduates ' Havana GRANMA in Spanish 10 Aug 79 p 2 [Article by Enrique Sanz Fais] [Text] Over 400 students of the first basic course of the PNR [National Revolutionary Police] Patrol Unit in the city of Havana graduated yesterday in a ceremony held here, following satisfactory completion of their studies. Our National Anthem-started off the ceremony and then lst Lt Vega Aldana, chief of troops, read the report to Col Pascual Rodriguez Brasa, chief of the PNR, who presided over the event. Following this, Capt Juan M. Padron, director of the school, read the report on the results of the course, which cited the most significant achievements and shortcomings. Then the three highest ranking students received their diplomas in representa- tion of all the students. They were Luis M. Costa, the head of the class, Roberto Hervis, and Rigoberto Neyra. Then the leading student, Luis M. Costa, read the graduate oath. In summing up, Lt Col Fernando Tosar, PNR chief in the city of Havana, stressed the links that "we should maintain more and more with the working people since if we do not rightly base our support on them, we will not be able to attain the degree of effectiveness required.” He referred to the need to strengthen the war against common crime, which is a concern of all our workers. Therefore, he said, it is a duty and a task of all to confront this responsibility with integrity, dedication, and sustained revolutionary combativity." 41 eee “We members of the National Revolutionary Police must be much more demanding in our work, elevating the level of response to criminal acts and anti- social demonstrations. We must be more demanding, more energetic in the fight against common crime. We must be more demanding with ourselves," he added. Finally, he congratulated the graduates in the name of the MININT high command and exhorted them to continue excelling. Also presiding over the ceremony were Col Octavio Garcia, chief of the General Directorate of Training of MININT, and other leaders and officers of the Ministry of Interior and the PNR. . Political Prisoners Montevideo EL PAIS in Spanish 19 Aug 79 p 15 {Text} The inhuman conditions of thousands of opponents of the regime of Fidel Castro have been revealed in New York. The Spanish language paper EL DIARIO-LA PRENSA published a supplement with testimony on the repression in Cuba that states that at least 20,000 men and women are in jails. “Agent of the CIA" is the most common charge made against citizens who try to reestablish democracy in Cuba. Some 20,000 persons are confined to the jails in Cuba and are subjected to tortures as a result of their opposition to the communist regime of Fidel Castro. The latest revelations of the oppressive situation reigning in Cuba were published by EL DIARO-LA PRENSA of New York based on information from the Inter-American Association for Democracy and Freedom and the Paris newspaper Le NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR. In a special supplement the morning daily published in Spanish in New York presents eloquent accounts of repression in the Caribbean country. "There are not 3,000 prisoners, as Castro said arrogantly in a recent interview, but 20,000," said Dr Frances Grant, specialist in Latin American affairs of the General Secretariat of the Inter-American Association of Democracy and Freedom in an article entitled, "What Is Going On in Cuba and With Its People?" “While there are 5,000 actually in maximum security prisons, with all the most modern techniques of human torment,” she stated, “there are another 15,000 in an equally humiliating and hard situation participating in "rehabilitation' projects, which means, in other words, forced labor, brain- washing, etc.” Dr Grant notes that “it is confusing to us to note that Senator McGovern, protector of the weak, so passionately defends the lifting of the trade embargo against Castro, a brutal violator of human freedom." She asked, 42 “Why were Congressman Jonathan Bingham and his wife so delicate in questioning Fidel Castro about his political prisoners, and why that frivolous disdain for human feeling which the flood of tourists to hear Havana jazz concerts?" The Subject Avoided She added that “the question of the political prisoners continues to be carefully avoided by official visitors from the United States who go to see Castro. Senator Frank Church apparently has joined in the silence in his admiration for the charms of Fidel Castro, the same charm that has dulled the humanitarian sensitivity of other congressional visitors." "Nor have we heard expressions of repugnance concerning the recent revelation that Cuban officers served as torturers of American prisoners in the Vietnam war. . Dr Grant said finally that “the United States is now celebrating the anniversary of women's suffrage. It is a good time to remind our government especially of the Cuban women who are maltreated and often gravely ill in Castro's prisons." Accusation and Prison The supplement to EL DIARIO-LA PRENSA also included a note from NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR of Paris, which presents the case of Martha Frayde under the headline "Dangerous Enemies of the People?" “An endocrinologist_and gynecologist of international renown, she was a leader of the revolution from the beginning and was arrested and sent into exile by the Batista regime," said the article. Fidel Castro named Martha Frayde director of the National Hospital of Havana. She was elected president of the Peace Movement, she accompanied Fidel Castro to the United States, and he received the Order of Lenin from her hands in 1959. "But as the Cuban regime turned into a police state, Martha Frayde became increasingly concerned,” LE NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR indicated. "She confided her concerns to Fidel Castro. In 1967 she obtained permission to leave the country--without breaking her ties with her nation but deeply worried about its future--to exercise her profession in Europe. But 13 days before her departure the police confiscated her passport on orders from Castro. For 10 years she remained in Cuba, always under suspicion and subjected to continual harassment. She was arrested in 1976 and after a brief trial was condemned to 29 years in prison. Naturally she was described as a CIA agent. “after being under house arrest for awhile, Dr Frayde was sent to the Nuevo Amanacer prison for common criminals. Her personal possessions were confiscated and her library was destroyed. In prison Dr Frayde suffered malnutrition and the lack of decent sanitary conditions. As a result of a 43 serious stomach poisoning Dr Frayde was transferred to another prison, La Banefica. It was there that they tried her and sentenced her to 29 years in prison. "But all this is not a joke. If Martha Frayde is sufficiently well known among intellectuals and scientists in Paris, Madrid, and other capitals of Europe for it to be understood how ridiculous the accusation against her is and how excessive the punishment meted out to her, one must consider how many more of these unknown “enemies of the people” languish in Cuban prisons. "If Fidel Castro really wants to erase the shame of all these years of repression,” concludes LE NOUVEL OBSERVATEUR, Martha Frayde and the thousands like her who are incarcerated or detained in concentration camps must be freed. Every one, absolutely every one of then.” 9015 cso: 3010 MILITARY DEVELOPMENTS: GRADUATION, MANEUVERS, AVIATION Largest Academy Graduation Class Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 29 Jul 79 pp 42-43 [Article by Jorge L. Blanco: "The Largest Graduation Class") [Text] Army General Raul Castro, Second secretary of the Central Committee of the party and minister of FAR [Revolutionary Armed Forces], persided over the graduation ceremony of various courses of the General Maximo Gomex FAR Academy. This is the largest class ever graduated from this center of higher military education since its founding in 1963. It also represents 26 percent of the total number of officers graduated from the academy throughout its entire 16 years in existence. The completed programs include a Graduate Academic Studies Program, the first of its kind offered by this institution, The results obtained are encouraging in that they demonstrate the advantage of this approach to preparing the military for the FAR cadres, enabling them to attain advanced educational levels without interfering with the carrying out of the functional duties to which they are assigned. During the ceremony, Lt Col Moises Velazquez Gonzalez read out the class standings. Subsequently, the minister of FAR presented awards to the four comrades who had earned the summa cum laude with gold medal for having maintained a grade of 5 throughout each of the courses in their programs of studies. They were: Lt Cols Israel Evora Capote, Sergio Luis Alvarez Alamino and Ivan Perez Herandez, and Maj Jorge Ramon Gomez. The concluding remarks of the commencement were delivered by Brig Gen Leopoldo Cintra Frias, member of the Central Committee of the party, who after refer- ring to the positive results being obtained by the FAR Academy emphasized that the knowledge acquired by its graduates prepares them to fulfill the functions to which they may be assigned. However, he said they must bear 45 in mind the words of Commander in Chief Fidel Castro when he said that “an officer must never cease increasing his knowledge, must study all his life,” in view of the degree of complexity and automation of the weapons and tech- nology with which the FAR are being equipped. At another point in his remarks, he told the graduates they should devote particular attention to what the first secretary of our party had said during the most recent session of the National Assembly of the People’s Power in regard to exigency--which has always been a characteristic trait of FAR officers but upon which it is never too much to insist-—-toward oneself above all and toward one's subordinates: be demanding, objective, and above all fair and human. "In accordance with the resolutions adopted in our party's first congress,” said General Cintra Frias in the course of his remarks, "the Far have in recent years been equipped with an appreciable quantity of modern technology characterized by a high degree of firepower, maneuverability, and automation of their components. "To you, graduated comrades," he underscored, “is being given an important role in the effective employment of these characteristics, in the manysided and ever more intensive training of our fighters in the mastery of modern techniques, in the constant raising of the level of knowledte of the con- temporary art of war, of Marxist-Leninist theory, and of the politicoeduca- tional task." Then Army General Raul Castro said a few words to congratulate the graduates and to announce that the comrades who had earned the summa cum laude with gold medal would be advanced by 2 years in grade toward promotion to the next higher grade, and thos diving earned the summa cum laude by 1 year. Besides the second secretary of the party and minister of FAR, the following officials were present at the commencement: Div Gens Senen Casas Kequeiro, first vice minister and chief of the EMG [General Staff], and Abelardo Colome Ibarra, vic: minister of FAR; Brig Gen Sixto Batista Santana, vice minister and chief vf the Central Political Directorate; Vice Adm Aldo Santamaria Cuadrade, vice minister and chief of the MGR [Cuban Revolutionary Navy ]-- all members of the party Central Committee; Div Gen Julio Casas Regueiro, chief of the Eastern Army and alternate member of the Central Committee; Col Juan B. Pujol, director of the General Maximo Gomez FAR Academy; and other high-ranking officers of the FAR, The Effort was Arduous Lt Col Ivan Perez Hernandez entered the FAR 19 years ago through the National Revolutionary Militias. "Undoubtedly," he said, "increasing my military knowledge during the years I studied at the FAR Academy has meant a great deal to me as an individual, but principally it has meant being generally able to continued working in 46 the interest of strengthening the defensive capability of our country by in- creasing the combat readiness of the FAR, the military arm of the Revolution. "Yes, of course I am happy to have earned the summa cum laude with gold medal. The effort to attain that goal was arduous, involving many hours of study, in the awareness that all our military cadres must continually improve their knowledge, as our commander in chief ‘ad occasion to state.” Following the Same Road A goodly number of comrades among the graduates completed the first Grad- uate Academic Studies Program, Lt Col Israel Evora Capote is one of them. Summa cum laude with gold medal. Just words, but they actually reflect this 37-year old first-class officer's interest, and the dedication he has shown, in taking fullest advantage of the opportunity to increase his know ledge. He says it was difficult to keep up at the same time with the studies he had undertaken and the functional duties of his assigned position as deputy chairman of a professorship and assistant professor within che FAR Academy itself, but that it in fact demonstrates once again that the two tasks-- work and study--can be accomplished perfectly well provided the interested person fully understands the benefits he contributes to the Revolution in this manner. This is not his last goal. Others loom for him. Continuation along the same road to excellence. And along the same road to efficiency. In the way he now does, as he proudly views his medal... What a Difference! Lt Col Sergio Luis Alvarez Alamino could not contain his happiness as Army Gen Raul Castro handed him the medal rewarding his effort. "Do you know," he said, "In that moment I remembered the days of our people's victories at Playa Giron, where I was with the batallion of leaders of the militias. What a difference between my military knowledge then and now! Yes, the study program I iiave just completed gives me the necessary knowledge to be able to contribute to enhancement of the combat readiness of the FAR. A properly trained military cadre is necessary to deal with the developmental level attained now by the FAR, What We Still Have to Learn "Major, what is your name?" "Jorge Ramon Gomez.” 47 “Age?” "31." "Meaning you are the youngest of the four comrades who received the gold medal.” “In fact, yes." “P leased?" "It goes without saying. We have acquired new and valuable knowledge that will enable us to improve our work, putting it on a more precise and scien- tific basis. But now is when we realize how much we still have to learn... And we will go on learning...That is our irtention... Military, Patriotic Education Association Havana GRANMA in Spanish 10 Aug 79 p 3 [Article by Diana M. Sosa Diaz: "District Level SEPMI Organizational Assembly Proceedings Completed") [Text] District assembly proceedings of the Association for Aid to the FAR [Revolutionary Armed Forces] have ended, and with the realization of the meetings of those associetions at provincial level the final steps will have been taken for the constitution of the Military and Patriotic Education Association [SEPMI] in December. This information was released yesterday by Col William Galvez, chairman of the National Organizing Commission for the Constitution of SEPMI, who dis- cussed the future plans of the association, which includes among its objec- tives that of taking part in the tcaining of youths and of the population in general for the defense of our socialist nation, Other aims of SEPMI mentioned by the colonel are: to assure the active participation of ite members in patriotic and military work, and to edu- cate them in the spirit of unreserved loyalty to our party, patriotisna, proletarian internationalism and friendship among peoples, constant readiness 10 defense of the nation, and love for the PAR, ihe ‘ganization plans for disseminate military knowledge and the heroic trad.cions of our people and their armed forces, work systematically on the training of our youth for active military service, and promote the develop- ment of technical military sports. Galvez pointed out membership in SEPMI, whose statutes are to be approved by the association's national constituent assembly, is open to all workers and students over 14 years of age. 46 SEPMI will be attached to the FAR and will replace the Far's Patriotic and Military Working Group, which is currently active on three working fronts: patriotic and military education, training of minor specialists for the FAR, and development of technomilitary sports. Galvez indicated that there are now 270 district Associations for Aid to the FAR, with 41,839 members, throughout the country. He also said there are 117 technical and military sporting clubs dedicated to sports marksmanship, radio sports, nautical sports, parachuting, model airplane and many other activities. The first provincial assembly will be held on 16 September in Santiago de Cuba and the last of them throughout the country will end on 10 October. The SEPMI national constituent assembly will be held in Havana. Moncada 26 Military Maneuvers Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 12 Aug 79 pp 37-39 [Article by Mario Sarraff and Othoniel Gonzalez: "Moncada 26") [Text] Many work centers bade farewell with justified jcy to a goodly number of their workers who would be avay for several days at orientation meetings which would be followed by the "Moncada 26" military maneuvers, a well de- served tribute to the fighters of the Central Army on the 26th anniversary of 26 July. A substantial portion of the country's material and human resources vere transferred to the FAR in accordance with the nation's defense plans, but this did not prevent maintaining, with growing enthusiasm, the required levels of productive commitments. This was made possible by the perseveri:,¢ effort of the trade movement, the cooperation of the political organizations and of the masses, and the continued proper guidance and cooperation of the party. Meanwhile, at orientatio.s meetings, soldiers, sergeants and officers refreshed their theoretical knowledge and reviewed their functional duties as they improved their aptitudes and skills for field work as a means of achieving optimum combat readiness. The experience of the more “veteran” hands was channeled toward those who were confronting the difficult and complex tasks of the contemporary art of war for the first time, By the time the signal was given for the start of the "Moncada 26" maneuver its success had already been assured by those who remained in the factories carrying on the work of their mobilized comrades, and by the called-up reservists ana fighters, who prepared and ensured every aspect of this important mission. 49 Today It is hard for these reporters to describe to their fullest extent the opera- tions carried out in the tens-of-kilometers-long “battle zone,” where the motorized infantry, artillery, tanks, landing and assault forces and those of the DAAFAR [Revolutionary Air Force and Antiaircraft Defense} brought to a successful conclusion the operation which ended the 1978-1979 training year. As had been planned, after marching to the staging area and organizing and planning the order of battle in the allotted times, our troops went into combat action and quickly broke through the forward defenses of the "enemy," which had succeeded in landing and digging in. Artillery fire, superbly simulated, together with the work done by the sappers, cleared the way for the tanks and motorized infantry. This put to a test the fighers’ capabilities for taking advantage of the natural features of the terrain, hand-to-hand combat and cooperation be- tween small units. One of the most complicated missions carried out by our forces consisted of knocking out a water obstacle, The “enemy” had dug in on the west bank of the riber and its well-emplaced machinegun nests were disrupting our forces. Facing the situation with audacity and valor, the fighters managed through hazardous actions to cap- ture several points of resistance, enabling the engineer units to move in with their forces and equipment and, after hours of gigantic effort, to create the necessary conditions for the main body of our technology and men to neutralize the water obstacle. Here the students of a training regiment deserve citation for their action as the "enemy" which gave greater reality to the maneuver. The repelling of the “enemy” counterattack was another impressive moment. The infantry, tank and artillery units, supported by fire from our planes and helicopters, completely stopped the action undertaken by the "invading" forces, Meanwhile, in another sector of the theater of operations, landing and assault units had annihilated a missile group. Our young parachutists, acting with Singular bravery, showed the degree of training they had attained and the fate that awaits anyone who might seek to stain our native soil. The "Moncada 26" maneuver demonstrated once again the high fighting spirit and qualities of the personnel of the FAR, their solid mastery of techniques, and the magnificent cooperation under fire among larger and smaller units. 50 Tomerrow With the inner satisfaction of having accomplished their mission, the reserve fighters return to their work centers and take their places in the productive process. Their fellow-workers talk of the production goals achieved, and they, in turn, of the success of the military operation. Meanwhile, at permanent military installations, weapons and technology re- ceive the necessary maintenance to ready them for the carrying ofnew and important missions. The “Moncada 26" maneuver will always be remembered in the military units and work centers as a deserved tribute to the fighters of the Central Army-- to those who on the morning of that historic day did not let Marti die in the Year of the Centennial--to those who did not beg for freedom but con- quered it by force of arms, Angolan Armed Forces Anniversary Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 12 Aug 79 p 56 [Article by Jorge L. Blanco} [Text] The Revolutionary Armed Forces [FAR] marked the fifth anniversary of the founding of the People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) with a ceremony held in the FAR central Headquarters and presided over by Div Gen Sonen Casas Regueiro, member of the party Central Committee and first vice minister and chief of the General Staff. Speaking in behalf of the Angolan students in our country, Amaru Matias, among other things, underlined the importance of the task that awaits them upon their return to their native land in regard to building a new society. Col Jesus Bermudez spoke for the Revolutionary Amred Forces. “The exper- iences of Cuba, Angola and other peoples," he said, “demonstrate that to achieve their goals of national and social liberation, the revolutionary pro- cesses need people's armed forces capable of defending the goals conquered and of at the same time serving as a protective shield permitting the revolutionary process to take root..." At another point in his speech, he pointed out that the FAPLA fighters are not only comrades-in-arms of the members of the FAR but also in ideals, and that they will know how to defend to the last ditch the conquests of the revolution and of the Angolan people. The concluding remarks were provided by Luis Neto Kiambala, charge d'affaires of the People's Republic of Angola in Cuba, who affirmed that the creation of the FAPLA had taken place at a time when imperialism was unleashing all its forces against the MPLA [Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola], and that in spite of this it was able to emerge as the military arm of the Angolan people in the struggle for their independence from colonialism and racism. Later in his speech, he said that the MPLA, the labor party, dedicates special attention to strengthening the defensive capability fo the country, because “it guarantees the development of work, freeing the worker from anxiety and permitting him to perform his tasks aware that nothing can perturb hia." Lastly, he referred to the help the People’s Republic of Angola receives from Cuba's party, its government and its people, within the framework of proletarian internationalisn. Besides General Casas Regueiro, the attendees included vice ministers, chiefs and officers of the FAR, and officials of the Angolan Embassy in Cuba. Western Army Artillery Competition Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 12 Aug 79 pp 56-57 [Article by Juvenal Balan] [Text] The Western Army's sixth artillery competition was dedicated to the 26th anniversary of the storming of the Moncada barracks and to the sixth summit of nonalined countries, Taking part in it were a substantial number of first-class and junior officers, warrant officers, sergeants and privates of that branch. During the event, the participants displayed the skill and mastery with which they handle their vehicles, weapons and equipment. The celebration of this competition contribures to improving the combat readiness of the artillery units, and foments a high emulative spirit among the participants which in turn brings improvement in the quality of instruction and in operational cohesiveness among the personnel of the small artillery units. This event, like theprevious ones, included a Study Materials Program [BME] competition with the object of highlighting these advanced facilities for raising the level of instruction. A novel feature was the inclusion of the singing-and-marching competition which added color and patriotic toning to the event. The winners were the 3234th, 178lst, and 265lst units; and in the BME and singing-and-marching contests the honors went to the UM 2100, 52 During the presentation of the awards, Col Jose A. Morffa, the General Staff Headquarters commandant, was presented with a replica of a 19th century artillery cannon. This gift will go to enhance the displays of the Artillery Section of the Ernesto Guevara Palace of the Pioneers, which was recently inaugurated in Lenin Park. At the conclusion of the activities, the artillerymen of the winning units were photographed together with members of the reviewing group headed by Brig Gen Ulises Rosales del Toro, commander of the Western Army and member of the party Central Committee. Medical Brigade to Nicaragua Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 12 Aug 79 p 57 [Article by Marta Cabrales] [Text] In Santiago the reply was a simple question: When do we leave?" This was the affirmation concurred in--regarding the spirit that prevails among the public health workers in that province with respect to aiding our brother people in Nicaragua--by Drs Alberto Ibietatorremendia and Miguel Sarmiento, who left for that country a few days ago. Ibietatorremendia, the former physician of the Mario Munoz Third Eastern Front and now a member of the party's Provincial Committee, expressed his satisfaction at being able to offer in that Latin American country his skills as a orthopedist and his experience as public health specialist under war conditions. This is his second international technical aid mission, having been, in 1965, among the first groups of Cuban doctors who served in Algeria. Sarmiento will be offering his skills as a pediatrician to another people for the first time, and will be helping bring back to Nicaraguan children the smiles torn away from them by the Somozist hordes. He is currently serving in the public health section of the Santiago city administration and considers it an honor to be one of the first Santiago professionals chosen to help immediately heal the wounds inflicted on the Nicaraguan people by the genocidal war. Both men cite the enthusiasm and excitement aroused in the public health units by Commander in Chief Fidel Castro's words when, during the main event commemorating the 26th anniversary of the storming of the Moncada, he referred to cooperation with victorious Nicaragua in the field of public health, It is this state of mind prevailing in hospitals, polyclinics and the other centers of this sector that has given rise to the decision to form an inter- nationalist medical brigade to carry its solidary aid, under the name of Carlos Ulloa, the Nicaraguan hero who fell on the battlefield of Playa Giron, to the soil of Sandino. Ibietatorremendia and Sarmiento explain that this group will include well- known specialists of standing who currently hold responsible positions in charge of various units, and that the number and specialities of the personnel on its staff will depend on the aid needs of that country. The desire that motivates the doctors, nurses and health technicians of Santiago has given rise to overwhelming requests in the meetings being held that the brigade be sent to the most seriously affected places where the help of the Cuban health workers is most urgently needed. On the support which this task must receive from those who remain behind, Ibietatorremendia pointed out that “though it will be an honor and a distinc - tion for those who go, it will also be an honor and a distinction for those who remain behind, those who through their efforts to cope with the increased workload and to achieve and surpass our health program goals, will make possible the presence of the Carlos Ulloa Brigade in Nicaragua." The two Santiago doctors convey in these words the state of mind that per- meates that sphere of the province, and are the standard bearers of the solidary abnegation and sacrifice that will be the brigade's reason for being. For them, an undertaking will shortly commence that will become a milestone in their professional careers and in their activities as revolutionary and internationalist workers. Graduation of Pilots Pinar del Rio GUERRILLERO in Spanish 20 Jun 79 p 1 [Article by Pedro Gutierrez] [Text] Commencement exercises of the ninth graduating class of Cuban civil aviation pilots will take place on 7 July at the Capitan Carlos Ulloa National School of Aviation in Sandino, Pinar del Rio. The class includes the first group of foreigners to be graduated from this training center--all Guyanese, including one woman. Three instructor pilots will also be graduated and assigned to the school’s permanent faculty. The school's students are busy decorating and preparing the center for the commencement ceremony, one of their many tasks being to participate competi- tively in the making up of charts, diagrams and models for the Study Materials Program, 5 The commencement festivities will include children's parties, a sports marathon, and a dance activity in Sandino. The head of the school, Neftali Izquierdo, highlighted the fact that the institution had earned the Competitive Promotional Center llth Festival award, and that it had broadened its studies programs, which now also include the Ilyushin [L-14, He also pointed out that many tasks are being carried out by the school's workers for the 28 June celebration of Transportation Workers Day. San Cristobal Military Exercise Pinar del Rio GUERRILLERO in Spanish 28 Jun 79 p 1 [Article by correspondent Jose Mena Perez] [Text] The demonstration exercise on the activities of calling up, staging and delivering the mobilization resources assigned to military units, which was carried out in the municipality of San Cristobal, was characterized by the Pinar del Rio Provincial Military Committee Command as very well done. The concluding remarks to the exercise were provided by Capt Arcangel Gonzalez Estevez, head of the Provincial Military Committee, who said that this exercise represented one of the principal functions performed by the Revolutionary Armed Forces to provide practical training to the Organs of People's Government in the military responsibilities that have been assigned to them by the party and the Revolutionary Government. He also underlined that the qualification earned by the San Cristobal muni- cipality is basically owing to the combined effort dedicated by the collec- tivity of military leadership, reservists, government organs and enterprises, and especially by the party and the People's Government, to this exercise. MININT Graduation Havana GRANMA in Spanish 13 Aug 79 p 1 [Article by Enrique Sanz Fals] [Text] “In the work of diminishing the levels of criminal activities and accidents, you can contribute a great deal by putting into practice the things you have learned during this course," said Brig Gen Enio Leyva, vice minis- ter of interior, in his concluding remarks to the graduation ceremonies of the third and fourth police-training courses at the First Lt Antonio Briones Montoto National School of the PNR [National Revolutionary Police]. This commencement, the largest ever effected at the medium-advanced level by the Ministry of the Interior [MININT], served also as the central commence- ment for all those that have taken place in the last few days in the various PNR schools throughout the country. The large group of graduates received specialized instruction in police in- vestigative, secret operative and sector chief work and will be assigned immediately to police work in their respective units. Maj Jorge de la Rosa Beceiro, head of the school, read the report on the academic results of both classes, which stated that the total number of gradu- ates represents 98.3 percent of total class enrollments. Jose R. Carrillo Varela, second-ranking graduate in the Company | class Standings, read the military oath, immediately following which the first- ranking graduates of the four companies, as representatives of their comrades, accepted delivery of all the graduation certificates. They were: Miguel Ramos, first-ranking in Company 1; Angel Napoles, first-ranking and recipient of the "vanguard" award in Company 2; Medardo Sanciiez, first-ranking and “vanguard” winner in Company 3; and Jesus Sosa, first-ranking graduate in Company 4, Remarks by Enio Leyva In his concluding remarks, Brig Gen Enio Leyva affirmed that, "You will be immediately confronting the pursuit and curbing of delinquents, at a stage at which you must apply diligence and zeal to carrying out the directives of our commander in chief, so as to eradicate the deficiences that slow down the accelerated development of the Revolution, "For this reason,” he added, “you must bear in mind the importance of exigency and revolutionary intransigence, of resolutely confronting all wrongdoing, and of frontally combating irresponsibility, superficiality, self-indulgence and all the other things that generate the deficiences with which we must cope today. "We exhort you to continue working with greater creative spirit to obtain even better results in future courses, and to contribute to the improvement of the MININT training system," The vice minister of interior concluded, "To all of you--students, profes- sors and specialists in the various fields, who in one way or another have contributed to the development of these courses--I extend, in the name cf the minister of interior and of the MININT High Command, our warmest con- gratulations." 56 New Soviet TU-154B Aircraft Havana JUVENTUD REBELDE in Spanish 15 Aug 79 p l {Article by Clara Mayo] [Text] The new Soviet TU-154B plane, which arrived at the Jose “Marti inter- national airport on its first trip to the American continent, will depart for Holguin on its first national flight tomorrow afternoon. This aircraft, which is equipped with the most modern instruments and has a maximum capacity of 160 passengers, will remain in our country 3 months, leased by the Cuban Aviation Enterprise to provide an increased number of domestic flights as well as flights to and from Caribbean and Latin American countries. The TU-154B is one of the latest types of aircraft produced in the USSR and is more comfortable than the Ilyushin IL-62, according to information provided to JUVENTUD REBELDE by Vladimir N. Sorvin, Aeroflot instructor pilot, and Vladimir R. Klimenko, Aeroflot general representative in Cuba. Its advantages include: less noise as a result of a smaller number of motors; a more modern air conditioning system; improved onboard kitchen facilities; and a higher speed of 950 kilometers per hour, which is faster than the other plane mentioned above. The TU-154B also has good takeoff and landing characteristics, making it suitable for short runways of not less than 2,400 meters, a commercial cargo capacity of 18 tons, and uses the fuel normally used by all jet planes. In the Soviet Union, this plane is being used for international flights of not more than [figure illegible] kilometers, the equivalent of 4 1/2 hours of flight time. FAR Documentation Center Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 26 Aug 79 pp 44-45 [Article by Elsa Blanquier] [Text] Im today’s world, science is an indispensable ingredient for develop- ment in every conceivable sphere of human activity, and its importance in the military sphere is growing daily. The scientific and technical revolution has poea! new problems to the military science cadres, Changes that had already taken place have had to be assimilated and conclusions drawn as to probably future developments in this sphere, especially as concerns means and methods to be employed in the conduct of combat actions, 57 Many other questions also require the application of scientific methods, such as those related to the daily life of troops and their combat, moral and psychological readiness. in their never-ending pursuit of ever more effective solutions to the prob- lems of military theory and practice, the Revolutionary Armed Forces [FAR] have created the necessary conditions for the development of scientifico- military work in their cadres. This is demonstrated by the FAR Scientifico-Military Documentation and Infor- mation Center, the principal organ of the Scientifico-Military Information System which in turn has branches in the advanced military training centers; in the industrial military enterprises; in the Doctor Luis Diaz Soto Military Hospital, which heads all the other military hospitals throughout the country; as well as in the ICCC [Cuban Institute of Geodesy and Cartography], the MGR [Revolutionary Navy] and the DAAFAR [Revolutionary Air Force and Anti- aircraft Defense]. The center systematically serves all of these information organs. As the axis of a special subsystem of the national system, this center is also the organ in which national and foreign scientifico-technical and mili- tary information is concentrated, and hence the organ that makes it available according to the needs of the various commands. Its creation goes back to the 1960s. After a long process of developmental improvement, it is now in the process of maturing in its functions. “Being an information center means not only storing scientifico-technical and military literature for the FAR but also having it duly organizes, classified, and ready for accessing in the shortest possible time," explained First Lt Jordi Prat Saun of the center's headquarters. Then he told us that this center must fulfill the functions, among others, of providing collective and individual users, with a high degree of efficieny and quality, the various types of information of interest to the FAR; achiev- ing compatibility and interrelationship with the other components of the national system, in accordance with the requirements of nationwide demand; improving its operations by instituting modern information processing and reproduction methods within the limits of existing capabilities; abstract- ing and analytically processing national as well as foreign scientifico- military information, including the unpublished. Its functions also in- clude generalizing the benefits of our experience and results achieved and encouraging their further applications; as well as carrying out research directed toward resolving real problems of practical interest in the strength- ening of the defensive capability of our socialist nation, Currently, the center is engaged in editing the volumes of the Military Bibliographic Collection and the EL OFICIAL and RT™ periodicals, the latter two in cooperation with the hi.ediquarters and seciions of the MINFAR [Ministry 56 of Revolutionary Amred Forces] and the EMC [General Staff] and other commands of tne FAR. Its library of books, periodicals and newspapers currently includes more than 6,000 scientifico-technical and military books and reference materials (dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference literature) and more than 100 periodicals on the various subjects of interest. Everything is properly organized and easy to find. The most important articles of the periodicals have been abstracted into orderly registers that have been bound by automated means. Users can consult these registers and request the article(s) of interest to them, to be used within the center itself. They may also request the services of interpreters, if required, in Czechoslovakian, French, German, Russian, Polish, Romanian, English and Hungarian, and access to the bank of FAR technical translations. A selective information service, compiled according to topics specifically requested by the various user headquarters, is being offered and has been extended to individual cases where a prioritized topic has been accredited for a scientific research project. Lieutenant Prat explained that all civilian cadre officers of the FAR can utilize the facilities of this center, which is located at 1414 47th Ave between 14th and i8th, Miramar, between 0800 and 1700 hours or consult by telephone by calling 22-3435. A wews bulletin will be published soon, as a supplementary service, which will list the titles of new books received, and the tables of contents of periodicals that may be of major interest to the different specialities. One of the successes achieved by the center has been the uninterrupted maintenance over the past 6 years of a system of storage and automatic re- trieval of the information contained in the periodicals, based on a word code according to subject matter, encbling users to rapidly locate articles of interest to them, It also has a register of information needs, compiled with the help of the EL OFICIAL and RTM support groups, which facilitates the grouping of ma- terials by specialty and sending to units requesting tiis service. The facilities offered by this center to our cadres dedicated to scientifico- technical work are many. This is made possible by the decisive work contri- buted by its staff of workers, who through their efforts are helping to develop our Revolutionary Armed Forces, loyal defenders of our socialist State. 59 Medical Services in Aviation Havana VERDE OLIVO in Spanish 2 Sep 79 pp 34-37 [Article by Gilberto Guerra] [Text] Modern air combat requires highly trained pilots, skilled in tactics and faultless in the handling of their plane. The swift dynamics of combat action place a heavy demand on resoluteness and ezotional stamina. Every combat pilot must show self-control and 2 cool head under the most trying conditions, must think clearly and logically, regicier in his memory a great amount of detail concerning the situation, and make rapid calcula- tions. Given the conditions inherent in their basic function, it is obvious that fighter pilots must sustain heavy overloads, be invulnerable to dizziness, bear up under extreme psychological stresses, etc. Acquisition of these qualities depends heavily upon training. However, their base is rooted in the physico-psycho-emotional state of the pilot, which must pass a number of very rigorous medical tests. The ‘Loop,’ the ‘Spinner,’ and the ‘Exerciser’ Next to us, the flight medical officer watches a fighter pilot's movements in the “loop.” The exercises he performs in this device create flight- like conditions, and help to adapt the pilot's system to the effects of vertical acceleration and of positive and negative gravity. They are very effective against dizziness. Nearby, a young officer diligently spins, strapped into a circular metal- lic device. This is the “spinner.” As its name implies, it spins the pilot about an axis to condition him against dizziness. The “exerciser” is a emall complex in which the pilot performs every kind of physical exercises designed to develop strength, flexibility and agility of movements. All exercises performed in these various devices are directed and monitored by the medical officer. "We keep a book for each pilot," says the medical officer, "in which we record all his activities from a medical viewpoint. For example: results of his ground training activities, sporting activities, and preflight, interflight and postflight checkups.” Checkouts in the Simulator For a pilot to successfully carry out his missions, he must have regular ground training exercises, The results of these enable an evaluation of his general flying fitness. To evaluate a pilot's fitness, he is placed in the cockpit of a simulator where he completes a mission exactly as he would under real conditions. Assusing simulation of an enemy fighter intercept mission, its accomplish- ment can be divided into four stages. The first of these begins with the pilot's receipt of his orders and ends at the point of takeoff. The pilot's emotional reactions begin in this stage: preoccupation with successful accomplishment of his orders, interpretation of the iratructions received. Superposed on this is the operation of starting up his palne and taxiing it out to the runway. He is of course still on the ground and the tension is minor. The second stage consists of the take. ‘ and flight toward the intercept zone. The situation is now more complex. The takeoff requires skill. Time is pressire and the pilot's attention is exceedingly taken up by the onboard instrumentation. During the flight to the intercept zone, the pilot must refine his intercept plan and respond to orders received from the ground, all of which augments his anxiety about accomplishing his mission. More- over, he now feels alone in his plane and responsible for all that my happen. The third stage is the most complex for the pilot. From a medical viewpoint it is the one requiring the most thorough evaluation. In it, the pilot must concentrate on his instruments, seek out the enemy, prepare for the attack, try not to be spotted by the enemy, etc. This point of climax in the operation demands that the pilot conduct his actions almost automatically. He will not have much time for meditation, since speeds are swift, the air situation dynamic, and changes in the situation abrupt. The fourth stage is the return “home.” This constitutes a moment of satis- faction over having accomplished his mission. He experiences relief. The physician records his observations on all the psychological and stress changes undergone by the pilot throughout the simulated mission and, upon completion of the mission, analyzes the conduct of the pilot and his reactions under the different sets of conditions. In the Flight Line In the flight line, the fighter pilots are again subjected to preflight, interflight and postflight checkups. This is one of the flight doctor's greatest moments of responsibility, in that he must decide whether or not the pilot is in proper condition to fly. At that moment he holds the responsibility for a man's life and for a very expensive fighting machine. 61 In a matter of ginutes the planes will again be climbing into the blue. During the checkup, the doctor chuts vith a young pilot about his health, his rest, etc. Besides satisfying himself as to the pilot's physical condi- tion, he must also reach a conclusion as to the latter's psychological state before takeoff. Instruments in hand, he now checks the pilot's blood pressure, temperature, pulse, respiratory frequency, weight... Any abnormal variation in one of these parameters is sufficient to ground the pilot and investigate the causes. But this does not end the flight physician's task. If the pilot sust don a high-altitude flying suit, the doctor is at his side as he does so, check- ing that everything is in order, taking part in the testing for airtightness, and finally accompanying him to the plane, where he checks the pilot's comfort in his seat, the oxygen supply, and the pilot's emotional state toward the accomplishment of his mission. Clear y, we have highlighted only a few of the high points in the work of flight phyeicians with air combat pilots. They assure the safety of our pilots and the successful accomplishment of combat missions. 9399 cso: 10 PREVISORA BANK EMPLOYEES DENOUNCE ABUSE OF POWER Quito EL COMERCIO in Spanish 22 Sep 79 p 3 [Text] Guayaquil, 21 September--The Eaployees Enterprise Committee of the La Previsora National Bank of Credit has publicly claimed that, during the ai- litary dictatorship, those who occupied the position of minister of govern- ment, particularly Gen Bolivar Jarrin Cahuenas, and all of the nation's po- lice authorities disregarded the various orders issued by the sixth penal magistrate, Dr Carlos Romo Moran, for the arrest of those implicated in the penal process being handled by that magistrate. The Enterprise Committee added that, on certain occasions during the military dictatorship, the judge, Dr Romo, was summoned by the governor of Guayas Province, or by the minister of government himself, “in an attempt to intimidate him, so that justice would not be properly administered.” It stated that the magistrate in ques- tion had even been summoned to the office of Dr Gonzalo Karolys, while the latter was serving as president of the Supreme Court of Justice. Dynamite In the public expose, the Enterprise Committee reported to the country that, as * result of the articles published by the columnist, attorney Alfredo Pim rgote Cevallos, concerning the La Previsora case, his car was dynamited; and, when that writer protested, he was jailed and subjected to orders from the police superintendent in office at the time, Jaime Vernaza Trujillo, in «compliance with orders from tne minister of government. It was also stated that, during the time of the special superintendent of liquidation, Mauro Intriago Dunn, there was 4 massive liquidation of workers from La Previsora, taking advantage of the circumstances surrounding that banking institution, and violating their rights. On that occasion, it re- quested an exhaustive investigation for the purpose of penalizing, to set an example, those responsible for the economic crisis affecting the La Previsora National Bank of Credit, particularly those in high-ranking gov- ernment positions. The latter were forced to impose immediate corrective measures to prevent misuse of the funds of the Ecuadorean people, amounting to nearly 4 billion sucres, a sum which the Central Bank had to provide to meet the obligations of La Previsora, both in the country and abroad. 63 The judge, Dr Romo Moran, whom, it was claimed, an attempt was made to in- timidate, imposed sentences of 7 years’ imprisonment on nine individuals involved in the La Provisora case, and jail terms of between 13 and 21 months on three other individuals. 2909 cso: 3010 6l, ECUADOR BUCARAM SCORNS MISUSE OF CENTRAL BANK FUNDS Quito EL TIEMPO in Spanish 21 Sep 79 p 1 [Text] A series of exposes concerning irregularities in the handling of the funds of the Central Bank of Ecuador under the previous government were made by the president of the National Chamber of Representatives, Assad Bucaram, who stated that he intended to turn over the “mountain of docu- ments” on these matters to the investigating committee for its information. In statements made yesterday morning at his office in the Legislative Palace, Bucaram noted that the nation's bankruptcy which has been cited by several officials of the present government was due precisely to the ill-advised debts and to the fact that public funds were not properly managed during the previous regimes. He added that the National Chamber of Representatives has done little to investigate these matters, and that the first thing that should be done is to notify the Chamber's investigating committee of who has committed fraud and how it was committed. Squandering of Funds Moreover, he remarked that he had a series of detailed reports on how “hun- dreds of millions of sucres from the Central Bank of Ecuador were given as gifts to friends and relatives of people favored by the officials of the issuing institution,” and on the purchase of land which was of no use to the bank. By way of a question, he said: "How could bankruptcy be avoided with this squandering?” To back up his statements, the supreme leader of the CFP [Concentration of Popular Forces] and president of the Chamber submitted to newsmen a folder which, he said, contained the documents concerning donations made by the Central Bank "in sucres and dollars to a group of people," as well as on the purchase of land in Riobamba and Esmeraldas, and of the fair grounds in Guayaquil, and on the indiscriminate tax exemptions of certain imports. He explained that all these irregularities had taken place during the ad- ministration of Dr Rodrigo Espinosa Bermeo as manager of the Central Bank, without giving the names of the alleged beneficiaries of the irregularities. He declared: “I shall report this to the investigating committee, and until that time 1 cannot cite names.” The La Previsora Case In this connection, Bucaram said that it is up to the investigating committee to submit to the courts the cases of which he is not knowledgeable, but that it was not the Chamber which would penalize. He commented: “Any citizen is entitled to believe that Mr Bucaram is implicated in the La Previsora case, because, at one time, here (in the Congress), the CID [Democratic Institu- tionalist Coalition] voted the same as the CFP, or ID [Democratic Left], or any other party, in which case the involvement includes the entire Chamber. It cannot be claimed,just because three maladjusted individuals are attempt- ing to complicate the entire Congress and not only a legislator, that we promised to assign the judges best suited for the case. The judge who is hearing the La Previsora case may possibly be the one who drafted that ex- pose because he wants to remain in his position. I did not give any consi- deration to the ministers who should be in the Superior Court of Justice of Guayaquil, much less being able to promise to assign judges who suit the gentlemen from La Previsora, so that justice would not proceed to be ad- ministered properly." He added: “Anyone who claims or insinuates anything concerning my behavior is a wretch, who deserves not only my scorn, but also a punch in the mouth from me; but I am not punching anyone in the mouth.” Bucaram also cited an act of “illicit enrichment,” involving the Philan- thropic Bank which, to recover a loan of 1.4 million sucres granted to a family named Gomez, “took 40 hectares of land worth 350 million sucres.” He added: “This is illicit enrichment, in addition to being a criminal act;" stating that he intended to expose those who committed this offense. It Is Not Demagogy Commenting that there is a sector of public opinion which feels that the majority of the decrees approved by the Chamber are demoagogic, he respond- ed: “It is not demagogy to reduce the price of medicines in a country where- in they are so badly needed; it is not a demagogic act to restore the cor- porate status of the UNE [National Union of Teachers], or to give compensa- tion to the teachers who were unjustly persecuted for so long under dicta- torial regimes. With regard to the 40-hour work week, this will give other persons who are unemployed a chance to work on Saturdays and Sundays. In this way, we shall have less unemployme:t in the country.” Then he added: "It is not a demagogic act to acknowledge what is written by the poor peo- ple in Guayaquil living in the mud, nor is it demagogy to want teachers to earn a base pay of 5,000 sucres.” Meeting With Gonzalez Alvear Elsewhere in his remarks, the president of the Chamber mentioned the meeting which he had held yesterday morning with Gen Raul Gonzalez Alvear, and which he claimed was for the purpose of allowing the latter to voice his concerns to him; “and it was right for me to listen to him." He said: "General Gon- zalez Alvear expressed to me his concern over the bill for reinstatement of the officers who took part in the uprising of September 1975 against Gene- ral Rodriguez Lara.” He noted: "Many have expressed the view that it was a fascist coup, and others claim that it was a matter of one dictatorship over another dictatorship. But I think that it was a semi-fascist type coup. However, those people have a right to be heeded, but not in the case of promotions, as the bill wants. If that coup had succeeded, I would have been th: main victim of the coup; because, wherever I was, they would have hunted me to put me in the Garcia Moreno Prison. But I am not viewing mat- ters from a personal standpoint; we must analyze everything that is just. Still, I don't think that they are entitled to any promotion." Supreme Court In commenting on the statements made by Dr Victor Hugo Bayas after Dr Ar- mando Pareja Andrade‘s appointment as president of the Supreme Court of Justice, noting that there was collusion in that selection, he said that he had not expected Dr Bayas to become so irate about the defeat that he suffered in the Supreme Court, whose members could not elect two or three presidents. He said that, if Dr Bayas had been named president, the collu- sion would have been good, at the most; and that it is inadmissible to claim that Dr Armando Pareja could not be president of the Supreme Court because he is a member of the Liberal Party. He remarked: “What is involved is that, as a member of the Supreme Court and president thereof, he might act as a Liberal and not as a judge; which would warrant criticisa." 2909 cso: 5010 67 EDITORIAL CALLS FOR MODERATION IN CHAMBER DISPUTES Quito EL COMERCIO in Spanish 23 Sep 79 p 4 (Unsigned editorial: "Defense of Democracy"] [Excerpts] The articles in the Quito and Guayaquil newspapers relating to the session in the Chamber of Representatives last Friday morning had mean- ingful headlines such as these: "Verbal Violence and Threats in the Chamber,” “Many Verbal Attacks in Congress," "Violence and Insults," "Stormy Session in the Chamber” and "La Previsore Bank Case Was a Bomb Which Shook the Cham ber.” Actually, for over 30 days scandalous incidents have been taking place in the Chamber of Representatives, but with slight repercussions. However, as soon as the La Previsora case started, the violence reached reprehensible extremes. Nothing has been clarified as yet. Conjecture and serious pre- sumptions are floating about, as well as doubts and suspicions which may perhaps not be given the complete explanation that is required. In any event, what matters is not so much to reproach the promters and lead- ers of the scandals, but rather to determine responsibility and, furthermore, not to confuse what could be the outburst of heated personal views with the process of democracy. The serious or ridiculous episodes which are observed in parliamentary activity,something that is, as a rule, agitated everywhere in the world, cannot be sufficient reason to claim that democracy lends it- self to the unleashing of passions and the use of violence, which is by no means a dialectical method. Democracy as a system, as a type of government and as an ideal cannot be judged by the mistakes, abuses or foolishness of this or that politician. It is necessary to criticize all the improprieties, large and small, and to repudiate and rebuff attitudes of a bullying type. But, at the same time, we must firmly believe that democracy is not and will not be jeopardized by the blameworthiness of quarrelsome politicians; because, transcending partisan interests, there are many hundreds of thousands of Ecuadoreans who will manage to defend it, inasmuch as they are convinced of the unfor- tunate results of totalitarian dictatorships and regimes, whether communist or fascist. Democracy must be defended with its own spiritual force. And the citizens who are foes of coup situations must battle against everything represented by a malicious or irresponsible negation \r warping of democracy. What is beyond any doubt is the need for a stringent presence of the citizens as a whole and of public opinion, that will save democracy from the political schemers who seek to be its monopolistic beneficiaries. We have yearned for an essentially new kind of politics, and for that very reason we must achieve the organization of a democracy without blindly impassioned violence or out- bursts. Neither vested interests and their proponents, nor common demagogy can be factors in an authentic democracy, which needs to be far removed from destroyers and ambushes. 2909 cso: wl1o NICARAGUA NATURE, STRUCTURE, GOALS OF CDS EXPLAINED Managua BARRICADA in Spanish 23 Sep 79 p 3 [Text] What are the CDS [Sandinist Defense Committees]? They are a broad and democratic organization of the Nicaraguan people created to defend and consolidate the revolution. Through them the broadest popular masses make revolutionary changes, seek soluticns for their needs, defend their interests and prepare to participate directly in the exercise of people's government. They are the Hands, Eyes and Ears of the Revolution The participation of the CDS, which are led by the vanguard of the people, the FSLN [Sandinist National Liberation Front], was very important in the victorious insurrection of the Sandinist people. They emerged before the insurrection as an urgent need for defense against the dictatorship and as a support of the FSLN. The defense committees were the most effective guards of the districts in ridding them of the regime's thugs; they were the nurses, the clandestine clinics, the secret presses with people's wooden mimeographs, subversive stores and so forth. The people prepared themselves in all those actions for participating and winning the struggle to the death, which led us to the overthrow of the bloodiest dictatorship in America. The participation of the Defense Committees, led by the Sandinist Front, was very important for the victorious insurrection of the Sandinist people. They Are More Necessary Today Than Ever Before The insurrectional struggle was victorious against an overt enemy. Today the struggle is against hidden internal enemies, who by subterfuge and tricks attempt to wrest the victory from the people, however, it is also the struggle against the enemy of all peoples: imperialism. The struggle today must be directed in such a way that the organized people can resolve the serious economic and social problems left to us by the rottenness of the overthrown regime. The struggle today must be such that the masses will organize better and better and make a reality of all their aspirations, defend themselves from their enemies and conslidate the revolution. 70 The CDS also have the task of developing true revolutionary values, respect among neighbors and collective work. Promote Work for the Community, and the Nation and the Defense of the Sandiriist Revolution! By organizing the CDS we are organizing the people's government, which means that the masses will be creating their own means for resolving their political, social and economic problems. The fact is that plans do not advance in the revolution, revolutionary changes do not progress if they do not have the participation of the CDS, if they do not make a reality of them under the leadership of their vanguard, the FSLN. This people's government shall be that which will insure that the political and economic demands of the masses are fulfilled, not only by requesting or demanding, but by having an active participation through its structure. The tasks which the CDS should now promote aud accomplish to consolidate the revolution and maintain its gains are: 1. Defend the Sandinist revolution won at the cost of our people's blood and sacrifice and that of their vanguard, and not allow hidden national and foreign enemies to atte«pt to wrest the gains achieved. Maintain a militant support of the revolution through political demonstra- tions and mobilizations, letting all the world know of the fighting readi- ness of our SANDINIST REVOLUTION. The CDS must make the defense of the revolution more and more effective by putting into practice the orientations of our vanguard. Let Us Defend Our Revolution, Death To Counterrevolution! 2. Maintain the defense activities of the people's organization. As we said, the CDS are the eyes and ears of the revolution. The revolutionary vigilance of the people must be orien.s4 toward detecting and fighting the enemies of the constructicn of the new country. The redoubts of Somozism, the paramilitary groups, sabotage, Somzist infiltrators in the revolutionary and popular bodies, ministries ani so forth, must never be allowed to revive. Let us Control Somozism. Let us Defend the Revolution! 3. Participate in the solution of the serious problems left to us by the rottenness of the dictatorship; a disastrous economy and grave social problems. We must find in the CDS the means for ever-increasing par- ticipation, to the limit of o strength, for raising the standard of living, for promoting the solutions of health and everything that makes a reality of the hopes of the people. 7a Revolution is Reconstruction 4. Consolidate the mass organizations, the CDS and others, to safeguard the gains of the revolution so as to begin to create the people's government. The Watchword is Organization, Organization and More Organization: Who it is That Is Joining the CD.. For a people in a revolution, the most important thing is to be organized, because a people, no matter how great their enthusiasm, their morale, their fighting spirit, if they are not organized and united, if their forces are not coordinated, will not be able to use them to fight the enemies which beseige our revolution, nor will they be able to make a reality of all its aspirations. Each Man, Each Woman, Each Youth Must Join Where he Works, Where He Studies, Where he Lives! The People, the Real People, Organize to Defend and Create the Sandinist Revolution! The revolution must be the great union of all the persons who produce for the people, who work for the people. The revolution must not be repre- sented by political hacks, agents of Somozism, the climbers. They cannot be, nor should they be, in the CDS. The CDS Are the Organisms of the People Ready to Defend the Revolution! How the CDS Are Formed The CDS are organized by blocks, walkways, letters or by groups of houses, depending on how the families in the neighborhood or region are dis- tributed. The CDS are made up by the dwellers in each block, walkway, square or group of houses, who are determined to defend the revolution. The repre- sentative of that committee is elected democratically in each CDS. This representative should be elected among the residents of the area because he is known by his honesty and his willingness to contribute in the work of the community. This companero will coordinate with representatives of other CDS to promote tasks and he must pass on to his CDS all the agreements and discussions effected in the higher bodies. Coordinators for health, propaganda, provisions, culture and sports, community work and any other task, depending on the needs of the sector, must be elected in addition to the representative. t2 If there are fewer than 15 CDS in the district or region, the representative of each of them will form the Sandinist District Committee [CBS] or the Sandinist Region Committee (community or group of houses). In those regions in which the houses have no regular patteru, the CDS should be formed of 15 to 25 houses to each CDS. It must be sought that the houses which make up each CDS be those which are the closest together. The Councils of the CDS If the district has more than 15 CDS, it is divided into groups or incre- ments and the CDS Council is formed. In a district divided into three groups, for example, there will be three CDS Councils. The CDS Council is responsible for coordinating 411i CDS activities in one group or increment of the district or region. it is made up of the representatives of each CDS of its respective group. Coordinators for health, provisions, culture and Sports and community vork shall be elected in the council. They will work closely with the coor- dinators in their same field in each committee; for example, if vaccinations are going to be promoted, the person responsible for health in the CDS Council will meet with the persons responsible for health in each CDS Council. From one to four delegates (depending on the total number of Councils which there may be in the district or region) are elected by popular vote in each CDS Council to make up the CBS or Region Committee. The basic function of the CDS Council is that of transmitting all the concerns and suggestions of the CDS to the Sandinist District or Region Committee and, in turn, inform each CDS of its group or increment of the plans and orientations being made. The Sandinist District or Region Committee it is the highest representative body of each district or egion. It is the authority elected democratically by the inhabitants of a sector and it must faithfully reflect their will. In case it does not represent the inhabitants or fails to represent their interests, it should be changed. It is the intermediate body between the ministries and the inhabitants that puts into effect all the plans which allow a standard of living and make a reality of the political program of the revolution. It is the political guide of the CDS for the defense of the revolution, closely linked to the guidelines of the FSLN in the Zone Councils of Sandinist District or Region Committees. 13 NOTES: l. Within the Sandinist District or Region Committee, two represent- atives to the Zone Council and coordinators for health, provisions, propaganda, culture and sports and commumity work or any other activity which may be taking place in the area, housing for example, must be elected. These coordinators shall be those who will work with the persons responsible for the various tasks in each Zone Council of each CDS. For example, for the vaccination campaign, the companerc in charge of health for the District Committee sust meet with all the persons responsible for health in each CDS in his district and plan where the vaccination census is going to be made, how it is going to be made, and who is going to take care of all the children who attend, and so forth. The CBS is responsible for the administration of all the money collected by the CES [As published, presumably means CDS]. This money will be used for the principal needs of propaganda, organization and others the CBS believes necessary. Any activity accomplished must be under the authorization and supervision of the CBS. Zone Councils of CBS or Sandinist Region Committees. These are formed by city zones. It is important that there are no more than 25 districts or communities in each council. The Zone Councils of the CBS are made up of two democratically elected representatives from each district, elected in their respective CBS. These two representatives are permanent and must fulfill the task of taking to the council those problems, positive ex- periences and plans which are being found in their district or region. Moreover, they must pass on, in their CBS or Region Committee all the agreements, orientations and discussions of the council so as to achieve a unity of agreements throughout the organization of inhabitants. In addition, an effective coordination of all the forces of a zone will be achieved in that manner. They are decision-making bodies of a zone and therefore represent a leadership body of the masses. With the creation of the zone council, the foundations for the organization of the people's government are being cast. After the Zone Councils of the CBS or Region Committees, the Municipal Councils have been consolidated and are prepared for that step. The CBS is formed in Small Districts of 15 CDS. Operation 1. The Zone Council of the CBS should meet once a week to make general plans for each zone and to seek solutions to problems. The Zone Councils 7h must keep minutes of their meetings and each representative must trans- mit the discussions and agreements to the CBS and Sandinist Region Committees. 2. The CBS must meet one day per week after the meeting of the Zone Councils. This committee gust also present the minutes of its neetings to the Council. 3. The CDS Councils must meet once per week, a day after, or the day following, the CBS seetings. 4. The CDS gust meet once per week as a minimum. An attempt should be made so that all the CDS meet on the same day in the district or region. 8908 CSO: 3010 NICARAGUA REGULATIONS TO NEW PRESS LAW PUBLISHED Managua BARRICADA in Spanish 24 Sep 79 p 3 [Text) In Clause 5 of Article 7 of the General Mass Media Law, the Ministry of Culture of our revolutionary government has decreed re- gulations that will govern all mass media in national territory. Adhering to revolutionary justice, the regulation is very different from the press law under the Somozist dictatorship. The notorious and hated black code which journalists and all our people fought against will never again be used. Fines have become illegal and the revolutionary conscience of all the men who play a role in our revo- lutionary process by properly guiding our people will be the basis of the regulation. Following is the decree, The Ministry of Culture, through the powers conferred on it by Clause b of Article 7 of the General Mass Media Law, Decrees: The following regulation under the General Mass Media Law: Section One General Provisions Article 1. When the present decree uses the letters LOM, this thould be understood as the General Mass Media Law. Article 2. The Mase Media Office under a general coordinator is es- tablished to carry out the prerogatives that Article 7 of the LOMC grants to the Ministry of Culture, 76 That office will consist of the following departments: A) Concessions and Licenses; B) Technical Advice; and C) Other departments that may be created. Article 3. The general coordinator of gass media is in charge of the administration of the Mass Media Office as well as general coordina- tor of all the departments under it and those that may be created later. Article 4. The general coordinator of the Mass Media Office will: I. Obtain from all the radio and television stations the linkage to which Article 7, Clause d, of the LOMC refers, except in cases of manifest eme: gency when he can delegate this to the Publication and Press Office of the Junta of National Reconstruction. II. Indicate broadcasting priorities for the programs made } gov- ernment branches and public organizations which will be broadcast during the time reserved for the state on radic and television stations. III. Insure that transmissions follow the provisions established in the LOMC and the present regulation. IV. Grant permission for direct transmission of programs from abroad. Section Two Chapter I Concessions and Licenses Article 5. The Concessions and Licenses Department will: T Grant and revoke concessions and licenses for radio and televi- sion stations and assign them frequencies, II. Declare the nullity or expiration of concessions or licenses and modify them in cases included under this law. Itt. Im coordination with the Technical Advice Department, authorize and supervise the functioning and operation of stations and their services and other gases media to which this law refers. (7 IV. Participate in the lease, sale and other acts that affect the ownership of radio and television stations. V. Carry out other prerocatives that the law grants. Article 6. In order to grant concessions or licenses, the Concessions and Licenses Department will determine the nature and objectives of the radio and television stations which might be commercial, official, cultural, experimental, radiotelephonic or any other type. Commercial radio and television stations will need concessions; the others will only need licenses. Article 7. Concessions for commercial AM or FM radio and television stations . ill be granted: I. Only to Nicaraguan citizens or legal persons whose partners or associates are Nicaraguan, II. If it is a corporation with shares, these will have to be regis- tered shares, nonconvertible to bearer and transferable, ws: ia the owner is alive, only to natural or legal persons who meet the require- ments of the present regulation and with authorization from the Min- istry of Culture. In case of death of the owner, the heirs must meet the conditions in the above clause. III. The request nust be presented in writing and include the fol- lowing data: Name of request¢«r or business name, date of constitution of the busi- ness, residence, capital stock, duration and names of the people on its board of directors and management personnel, The request must be accompanied by documents that verify the above data. Article 8. The rights acquired by radio and television stations will be respected as long as they adhere to the technical criteria and the norms included in this regulation. They will have to demon- strate to the Concessions and Licenses Department that they meet the requirements set forth in Article 7 of this regulation. Article 9. All mas, media must be registered at the Mass Media Of- fice and pay that oifice the sum of two thousand (2,000) cordobas per year for operation. Article 10. Concessions for radio and television stations will in- clude at least the following: I. Assigned channel or frequency; II, Location of transmission equipment; III. Authorized power; IV. Broadcasting system and technical specifications; V. Schedule of operations; VI. Name, class or indicator; VII. Distribution system: telephone line or FM; VIII. E8xpiration date; IX. Deadlines to initiate and terminate construction of installa- tions: and X. Deadline to initiate transmissions. Article 11. The concession cannot be for more than 2) years; however, the concessionaire will be given preference for renewal over third parties. Article 12, The charactezistics of the concessions and licenses can- not be altered except by administrative resolution dictated in con- formity with the law or in compliance with judicial resolutions. Article 13. ‘Cession, transfer, mortgage or crnveyance of any title to the concession or license and transmission equipment will not be valid unless done with prior authorization from this department. Chapter II On News Media Article 14, In order to work as a professional journalist with any mass media, proot of affiliation with the UPN [Nicaraguan Journalists Union| will be required. Radio journalists in Managua only need proof of affiliation with the Managua Union of Radic Journalists. Chapter III Nullity, Expiration and R®vocation Article 15. Concessions and licenses that are obtained or issued without carrying out the proper procedures or in violation of the provisions of the prosent regulation are null and void. 19 Article 16. Concessions granted for the operation of radio and tele- vision stations will expire for the following reasons: I. failure to initiate or terminate construction of installations within the deadline and extensions indicated, except for justified cause. II. Failure to initiate transmissions within the deadline in the concession, except for justified cause, Article 17. Causes for revocation of concessions are: I. Change of location of transmission equipment without prior author- ization from the Concessicns and Licenses Department. II. Change of channel or channels, frequency or frequencies assigned without authorization from the Concessions and Licenses Department. III. Conveyance, cession, transfer, mortgage, use as collateral or encumbrance of any type, wholly or partially, of the concession and the rights derived from it and the transmission equipment without approval of the Concessions and Licenses Department. IV. Unjustified suspension of services of the broadcasting station for a period of more than 60 days. V. Change of Nicaraguan nationality by the concessionaire or re- quest for support from any foreign government, enterprise or persons. VI. Modification of the business contract in violation of the provi- sions of this law. VII. Any lack of compliance with the conditions of the concession not specified above, Article 18. Licenses for the operation of radio and television sta- tiens can be revoked for the following reasons: I. Change of location of transmission equipment without authoriza- tion from the Concessions and Licenses Department. It. Change of channel or channels and frequency or frequencies as- signed without authorization from the Concessions and Licenses Department. III. Failure to give cfficient, accurate or regular specialized service after a warning. [Iv omitted as published] V. Modification of the business contract in violation of the provi- sions of this law. VI. Any lack of compliance with the conditions specified in the license, Section Three Chapter I Technical Advice Department Article 19, The Technical Advice Department will be in charge of technical couxdination and operation of mass media in conformity with the norms indicated below, Article 20. Mass media cannot suspend transmissions except for un- foreseen contingencies or overriding factors. The concessionaire or licensee must inform the Technical Advice Department of: I. Suspension of service; II. Use of emergency equipment during the contingency that causes the suspension; and III. Normalization of service when the emergency is over. This notice to which the above clauses refer will be given, in each case, within 24 hours. Article 21. The technical operation of radio and television stations must meet the conditions indicated in the provisions dictated by this department in accord with required engineering norms, Article 22. This department will dictate the necessary measures to avoid interference in radio and television broadcasts, Every sta- tion, all scientific, therapeutic or industrial equipmen*: and those installations that radiate sufficient energy to cause disturbance to authorized broadcasts must stop that interference within the term established by the department. Article 23. This same department will prevent interference between national and international stations and will dictate appropriate measures, making sure that the stations that operate are protected in their authorized service area, It will also determine the limits of the bands for different ser- vices, the tolerance or deflection of frequency and amplitude of the 81 frequency bands for every type of broadcaster if not specified in the respective agreements. Article 24, Sporadic radio diffusion phenomena will not be consid- ered objectionable interference. Article 25. For technical and safety reasons, radio and television stations must locate their installations outside cities. The broad- casters that still operate within a city must relocate their in- stallations within a maximum term of 6 months from this date. Article 26, The Technical Advice Department can carry out technical inspections of radio and television stations exclusively to verify that the operations adhere to this regulation. Article 27. There can also be technical inspections whenever they are considered necessary and the concessionaire or licensee must heed the observations made in writing. Article 28. Technical inspection and supervision will be done by department specialists. Article 29, The data that the inspection personnel obtains during their visits or because of them will be confidential. Article 30. If the existence of technical defects is verified, the department will inforv the concessionaire or licensee in writing for prompt correction. If not done, the department will have the defects corrected at the cost of the interested party. Chapter II Programing Article 31, There is a right to information, expression and recep- tion through the press, radio and television; consequently, they will not be the object of prior censorship or any judicial or administrative investigation or limitation, Article 32, Tne directors or owners of news space on radio and te- levision are obliged to indicate the following in their registration: I. The name of the newsman; II. The name of the station or stations on which he will broadcast; and III. The schedul”) and number of times broadcast. 82 Article 33. The directors or owners of ne s space are equally sub- ject to the provisions contained in Artic.e 14 and to the annual pay- ment of five hundred (500) cordobas to the Ministry of Culture for registration. Article 34. Nevertheless, radio and television stations must make free daily broadcasts of up to 30 continuous or discontinuous minutes for educational, cultural, social, economic and sports themes in ac- cord with the general gquidelines that the Ministry of Culture will elaborate and during hours that do not affect regular programing. Article 35. The concessionaires of commercial radio stations and the licensees of cultural, official, @xperimental and radiotelephonic stations are obliged to broadcast the following for free and with priority: I. Bulletins from any authority related to national security or de- fense, the preservation of public order or measures intended to fore- cast or correct any public disaster. II, Messages or any notice related to ships or airplanes in danger that request help. Article 36, Cigarettes or alcoholic drinks cannot be advertised. However, production, distribution and sales enterprises of ci- garettes and alcoholic drinks can sponsor programs of avy type and mass media can identify them as sponsors. Article 37. Radio, television and the press will preferably direct their activities toward the strengthening of oo.» revolutionary con- quests, defense of our revolution, expansion o1 »opular education, diffusion of culture, extension of knowledge, propagation of ideas that strengthen our principles and traditions, stimulus to our capa- city for progress and the creative power of the Nicaraguan through the arts and analysis of national affairs from an objective point of view using appropriate guidelines that affirm national unity. Article 38, Radio and television programs must not present series, stories, plays or films that are immoral or lead to violence or ra- cial, political, economic and social discrimination. They are also subject to the prohibitions included in Article 3 of the LGM, Chapter III On Personnel Article 39, The Concessions and Licenses Department will be under a director who is responsible for the department and who rust fulfill and make others fulfill everything established in Section Two of this regulation, Article 40. The Technical Advice Office will be under a director who is responsible for technical advice. He must fulfill and mai:: others fulfill the provisions in Section Three of this regulation. Article 41. In order to carry out their duties, the directors of the Concessions and Licenses and Technical Advice Departments can hire the technical or administrative personnel that they consider necessary. Chapter IV On Infractions Article 42. Infractions of the present law include: I. Failure to comply with the obligations in Articles 2 and 3 of the LGOMC. It. Failure to lend services of national interest included in the law and this regulation. III. Operation of a transmitter with different power than assigned without authorization from the Concessions and Licenses Department. Iv. Failure to comply with the provisions in Article 9 of the LGMC and Article 14 of the present regulation. Article 43. The general coordinator of the Mass Media Division can order the suspension of any type of publication, projection or trans- mission in the cases included in Article 3 of the LGMC while waiting for a resolution from the Special Permanent Council. That already published, transmitted or projected cannot be considered crimes under future regular legislation or laws of national emergency. This last is in compliance with Article 7 of the LGMC, There can never be courts of exception for journalists. Article 44, Infractions to Ordinmals II and III of Article 42 will result in the suspension of transmissions for a maximum of 48 hours. Article 45. Mass media that incur the infractions included under Ordinal IV of Article 42 will be suspended until they adhere to the provisions of the LGMC and this regulation. Article 46. Reoccurrence of infractions of Ordinals II, III and Iv of Article 42 can lead to temporary or permanent suspension and re- vocation of the concession or license of the mass media by the Spe- cial Permanent Council following the procedure established in Arti- cle 11 of the LGM. Cc} > Article 47. The present regulation will go into effect today, from the moment of publication by any mass media without aff. -:ting its subsequent publication. Given in the city of Managua on 18 September 1979 "Year of National Liberation" Ministry of Culture Ernesto Cardenal, minister 7717 cso: 3010 END END OF FICHE DATE FILMED NbW- 14-79 JC